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any of a group of small parasitic bacteria that lack cell walls and can survive without oxygen; can cause pneumonia and urinary tract infection

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/18 12:16:35」(JST)

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Mycoplasma fermentans is a very small bacterium in the class Mollicutes. Like other mycoplasmas M. fermentans is characterized by the absence of a peptidoglycan cell wall and resulting resistance to many antibacterial agents. It is a possible human pathogen with roles suggested in many illness such as respiratory, genital and rheumatoid diseases^[2] among others. Investigations have focused on a possible link to it being a cofactor in HIV infection^[3] as well as fibromyalgia, gulf war syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome, however the belief that M. fermentans is pathogenic in such conditions has largely been disregarded after the failure of several large scale studies to find a link.^[4] Due to its incredibly small size it is difficult to determine the full extent of its role in human diseases, while M. fermentans has been implicated in a myriad of diseases, research at the current point has not conclusively proven its pathogenicity in humans outside of opportunistic infections.

Discovery

M. fermentans was first described by Ruiter and Wentholt in 1952 from isolate of a human genital infection, which led to the initial name G-strain. In 1954 D.G. Edward identified a strain of mycoplasma in his laboratory isolated from 91 different samples collected from humans that differed in its ability to ferment sugars, he labeled this strain human type 3 as it was the 3rd strain he found in the group of samples. This was later identified to be the same strain as Ruiter and Wentholt's G-strain.^[5] In 1955 Edward proposed a new naming structure renaming his human type 3 strain and Ruiter and Wentholt's G-strain to M. fermentans due to its believed unique ability amongst the group to ferment multiple sugars. It has since been found that several other mycoplasma are capable of fermenting multiple sugar sources.^[6]

M. incognitus

In the late 1980s a mycoplasma infection was isolated during autopsy of AIDS patients. This new mycoplasma, dubbed M. incognitus was concerning as it could either be an opportunistic co-infection or a sexually transmitted infectious cofactor to the HIV disease process. This "new" mycoplasma however was later determined to be a strain of M. fermentans. Since then however, several more mycoplasmas have been described as being co-infectious with HIV.^[7]

Characteristics

M. fermentans is capable of fermenting both glucose and arganine^[8] as well as other sugars.

References

^ Freundt, E. A. "The classification of the pleuropneumonia group of organisms (Borrelomycetales)." International Bulletin of Bacteriological Nomenclature and Taxonomy 5.2 (1955): 67-78.
^ Yáñez, A.; Martínez-Ramos, A.; Calixto, T.; González-Matus, F. J.; Rivera-Tapia, J. A.; Giono, S.; Gil, C.; Cedillo, L. (2013). "Animal model of Mycoplasma fermentans respiratory infection". BMC Research Notes 6: 9. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-6-9. PMC 3544566. PMID 23298636. edit
^ Katseni, V. L.; Ryait, B. K.; Ariyoshi, K.; Bieniasz, P. D.; Weber, J. N.; Taylor-Robinson, D.; Gilroy, C. B.; Taylor-Robinson, D. (1993). "Mycoplasma fermentans in individuals seropositive and seronegative for HIV-1". The Lancet 341 (8840): 271. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)92617-3. edit
^ De Filippis, Ivano; McKee, Marian L. (2013). Molecular Typing in Bacterial Infections. Humana Press. ISBN 978-1627031844.
^ D. G.FF.EDWARD (1954). "The Pleuropneumonia Group of Organisms: a Review, together with some New Observations". J . gen. Microbial. 10: 27–64. doi:10.1099/00221287-10-1-27.
^ Richard A. DelGiudice, Theodore R. Carski, Michael F. Barile, Ruth M. Lemcke and Joseph G. Tully (1971). "Proposal for Classifying Human Strain Navel and Related Simian Mycoplasmas as Mycoplasma primatum sp. n". Journal of Bacteriology 108 (1): 439–445.
^ Winn, Washington C. (2006). Koneman, Elmer W., ed. Koneman's color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0781730143.
^ Gillespie, Stephen; Hawkey, Peter M. (2006). Principles and Practice of Clinical Bacteriology. Wiley. ISBN 978-0470849767.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児におけるマイコプラズマ肺炎感染 mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children
2. 成人における肺炎マイコプラズマ感染症 mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in adults
3. マイコプラズマ・ホミニスおよびウレアプラスマ・ウレアリチカム感染 mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum infections
4. 成人における市中肺炎に対する診断的アプローチ diagnostic approach to community acquired pneumonia in adults
5. 多形紅斑の病因、臨床的特徴、および診断 pathogenesis clinical features and diagnosis of erythema multiforme

English Journal

Potential bacterial core species associated with digital dermatitis in cattle herds identified by molecular profiling of interdigital skin samples.

Nielsen MW1, Strube ML1, Isbrand A1, Al-Medrasi WD1, Boye M1, Jensen TK1, Klitgaard K2.
Veterinary microbiology.Vet Microbiol.2016 Apr 15;186:139-49. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.03.003. Epub 2016 Mar 6.
PMID 27016768

"Unique choline-containing phosphoglycolipids in Mycoplasma fermentans".

Rottem S1.
Chemistry and physics of lipids.Chem Phys Lipids.2016 Jan;194:94-100. doi: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.10.003. Epub 2015 Nov 10.
PMID 26496149

Possible Involvement of Mycoplasma fermentans in the Development of Nonsexually Acquired Genital Ulceration (Lipschütz Ulcers) in 3 Young Female Patients.

Horie C1, Kano Y1, Mitomo T1, Shiohara T1.
JAMA dermatology.JAMA Dermatol.2015 Dec 1;151(12):1388-1389. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.2061.
PMID 26332323

Japanese Journal

Enzymatic synthesis of Mycoplasma fermentans specific glycoglycerophospholipid from 1,2-dipalmitoylglycerol(MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY)

Ishida Noriko,Irikura Daisuke,Matsuda Kazuhiro [他],Sato Seiji,Sone Teruo,Tanaka Michiko,Asano Kozo
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 109(4), 341-345, 2010-04
… GCPL-I and GGPL-III) biosynthesis in Mycoplasma fermentans PG18 was identified by genomic analysis, cloned, modified codon usage, and expressed in Escherichia coli. … The mf3 gene product, Mf3, has 27% amino acid homology with glycosyltransferase of Borrelia burgdorferi but no homology to genes of other Mycoplasma species in the GenBank database. … fermentans PG18, an ion at m/z 896 corresponding to GGPL-I was detected by mass spectrometry. …
NAID 110007618895

Variation of Genes Encoding GGPLs Syntheses among Mycoplasma fermentans Strains

FUJIWARA M.
J. Vet. Med. Sci. 72, 805-808, 2010
NAID 80021110206

Variation of Genes Encoding GGPLs Syntheses among Mycoplasma fermentans Strains

Fujihara Masatoshi,Ishida Noriko,Asano Kozo [他],MATSUDA Kazuhiro,NOMURA Nobuo,NISHIDA Yoshihiro,HARASAWA Ryô
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 72(6), 805-808, 2010
… The information of the biosynthesis pathways of Mycoplasma fermentans specific major lipid-antigen, named glycoglycerophospholipids (GGPLs), is expected to be some of help to understand the virulence of M. … fermentans. … fermentans. …
NAID 130000168020

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リンク元	「マイコプラズマ・ファーメンタンス」

「マイコプラズマ・ファーメンタンス」

Mycoplasma fermentans
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Division:	Tenericutes
Class:	Mollicutes
Order:	Mycoplasmatales
Family:	Mycoplasmataceae
Genus:	Mycoplasma
Binomial name
	Mycoplasma fermentans; Edward, 1955

　　[★]

ラ: Mycoplasma fermentans

[1] Freundt, E. A. "The classification of the pleuropneumonia group of organisms (Borrelomycetales)." International Bulletin of Bacteriological Nomenclature and Taxonomy 5.2 (1955): 67-78.

[2] Yáñez, A.; Martínez-Ramos, A.; Calixto, T.; González-Matus, F. J.; Rivera-Tapia, J. A.; Giono, S.; Gil, C.; Cedillo, L. (2013). "Animal model of Mycoplasma fermentans respiratory infection". BMC Research Notes 6: 9. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-6-9. PMC 3544566. PMID 23298636. edit

[3] Katseni, V. L.; Ryait, B. K.; Ariyoshi, K.; Bieniasz, P. D.; Weber, J. N.; Taylor-Robinson, D.; Gilroy, C. B.; Taylor-Robinson, D. (1993). "Mycoplasma fermentans in individuals seropositive and seronegative for HIV-1". The Lancet 341 (8840): 271. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)92617-3. edit

[4] De Filippis, Ivano; McKee, Marian L. (2013). Molecular Typing in Bacterial Infections. Humana Press. ISBN 978-1627031844.

[5] D. G.FF.EDWARD (1954). "The Pleuropneumonia Group of Organisms: a Review, together with some New Observations". J . gen. Microbial. 10: 27–64. doi:10.1099/00221287-10-1-27.

[6] Richard A. DelGiudice, Theodore R. Carski, Michael F. Barile, Ruth M. Lemcke and Joseph G. Tully (1971). "Proposal for Classifying Human Strain Navel and Related Simian Mycoplasmas as Mycoplasma primatum sp. n". Journal of Bacteriology 108 (1): 439–445.

[7] Winn, Washington C. (2006). Koneman, Elmer W., ed. Koneman's color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0781730143.

[8] Gillespie, Stephen; Hawkey, Peter M. (2006). Principles and Practice of Clinical Bacteriology. Wiley. ISBN 978-0470849767.

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Mycoplasma fermentans