Murray Valley encephalitis

マレー渓谷脳炎、Murray渓谷脳炎

WordNet

1. British classical scholar (born in Australia) who advocated the League of Nations and the United Nations (1866-1957) (同)Gilbert Murray, George Gilbert Aime Murphy
2. Scottish philologist and the lexicographer who shaped the Oxford English Dictionary (1837-1915) (同)James Murray, James Augustus Murray, James Augustus Henry Murray, Sir James Murray, Sir James Augustus Murray, Sir James Augustus Henry Murray
3. a southeast Australian river; flows westward and then south into the Indian Ocean at Adelaide (同)Murray River
4. inflammation of the brain usually caused by a virus; symptoms include headache and neck pain and drowsiness and nausea and fever (`phrenitis is no longer in scientific use) (同)cephalitis, phrenitis
5. a long depression in the surface of the land that usually contains a river (同)vale

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 脳炎
2. 『谷』,谷間 / 《修飾語を伴って》《通例単数形で》(大河の)流域

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/15 08:10:46」(JST)

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Murray Valley encephalitis virus
Virus classification
Group:	Group IV ((+)ssRNA)
Order:	Unassigned
Family:	Flaviviridae
Genus:	Flavivirus
Species:	Murray Valley encephalitis virus

Murray Valley encephalitis virus
Classification and external resources
ICD-9-CM	062.4
DiseasesDB	32810

Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) is a zoonotic flavivirus endemic to northern Australia and Papua New Guinea. It is the causal agent of Murray Valley encephalitis (previously known as Australian encephalitis) and in humans can cause permanent neurological disease or death. MVEV is related to Kunjin virus which has a similar ecology but a lower morbidity rate. Although the arbovirus is endemic to Northern Australia, it has occasionally spread to the southern states during times of heavy rainfall during the summer monsoon season via seasonal flooding of the Murray-Darling river system. These outbreaks can be "...decades apart, with no or very few cases identified in between".

Vector

MVEV is a mosquito-borne virus that is maintained in a bird-mosquito-bird cycle. Water birds from the order Ciconiiformes, including herons and cormorants, provide the natural reservoir for MVEV. The major mosquito vector is Culex annulirostris. Human infection occurs only through bites from infected mosquitoes; the virus cannot be transmitted from person to person.

History

The first epidemics of MVE occurred in 1917 and 1918 in Southeastern Australia following years of high rainfall. The virus was isolated from human samples in 1951 during an epidemic in the Murray Valley, Australia.

Epidemics usually occur due to either infected birds or mosquitoes migrating from endemic areas to non-endemic areas. The New South Wales government has placed 'sentinel flocks' of chickens near known bird breeding sites as an early warning system. These flocks are tested for MVE during the mosquito breeding season.

Presentation

The majority of MVEV infections are sub-clinical, i.e. do not produce disease symptoms, although some people may experience a mild form of the disease with symptoms such as fever, headaches, nausea and vomiting and only a very small number of these cases go on to develop MVE. In fact, serological surveys which measure the level of anti-MVEV antibodies within the population estimate that only 1 in 800-1000 of all infections result in clinical disease.

The incubation period following exposure to the virus is around 1 to 4 weeks. Following infection, a person will have lifelong immunity to the virus. When a patient appears to show MVE symptoms and has been in an MVE-endemic area during the wet season, when outbreaks usually occur, MVE infection must be confirmed by laboratory diagnosis, usually by detection of a significant rise of MVE-specific antibodies in the patient's serum. Of those who contract MVE, one-quarter die from the disease.

Clone

The scientific study of the genetics of MVEV has been facilitated by the construction and manipulation of an infectious cDNA clone of the virus. Mutations in the envelope gene have been linked to the attenuation of disease in mouse models of infection.

References

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 節足動物媒介性脳炎 arthropod borne encephalitides
• 2. 日本脳炎：疫学、診断、治療、および予防 japanese encephalitis epidemiology diagnosis treatment and prevention
• 3. セントルイス脳炎 st louis encephalitis

English Journal

• Murray Valley encephalitis: a review of clinical features, diagnosis and treatment.

• Knox J, Cowan RU, Doyle JS, Ligtermoet MK, Archer JS, Burrow JN, Tong SY, Currie BJ, Mackenzie JS, Smith DW, Catton M, Moran RJ, Aboltins CA, Richards JS.SourceVictorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC.
• The Medical journal of Australia.Med J Aust.2012 Mar 19;196(5):322-6.
• SUMMARY Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) is a mosquito-borne virus that is found across Australia, Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya. MVEV is endemic to northern Australia and causes occasional outbreaks across south-eastern Australia. 2011 saw a dramatic increase in MVEV activity in endemic r
• PMID 22432670

• Confirmed case of encephalitis caused by Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection in a horse.

• Gordon AN, Marbach CR, Oakey J, Edmunds G, Condon K, Diviney SM, Williams DT, Bingham J.Source1Anita N. Gordon, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, PO Box 156, Archerfield BC, Queensland 4108, Australia. anita.gordon@deedi.qld.gov.au.
• Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc.J Vet Diagn Invest.2012 Mar;24(2):431-6.
• A 5-year-old Australian stock horse in Monto, Queensland, Australia, developed neurological signs and was euthanized after a 6-day course of illness. Histological examination of the brain and spinal cord revealed moderate to severe subacute, nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis. Sections of spinal cord
• PMID 22379060

Japanese Journal

• Acute Viral Encephalitis: The Recent Progress

• Shoji Hiroshi,Azuma Koichi,Nishimura Yasuko [他],FUJIMOTO Hiroshi,SUGITA Yasuo,EIZURU Yoshito
• Internal medicine 41(6), 420-428, 2002-06-01
• … In the new Japanese control law for infectious diseases, most varieties of acute viral encephalitis belong to Category IV requiring report of all cases at sentinel hospitals. … Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis comprises the majority of cases. …
• NAID 10008548298

• Mechanism of virulence, attenuation of glycosaminoglycan binding variants of Japanese encephalitis virus and Murray Valley encephalitis virus

• LEE E
• J Virol 76, 4901-4911, 2002
• NAID 30020796726

• Australian "X" disease, Murray Valley encephalitis, and the French connection

• MACKENZIE JS
• Vet Microbiol 46, 79-90, 1995
• NAID 30006266214

Related Links

• Murray Valley encephalitis - Better Health Channel

The only protection from Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) is to avoid mosquito bites. ... Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) is a serious disease spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. As with other forms of encephalitis, it can ...

• Murray Valley encephalitis: a review of clinical features ...

Report of a suspected case of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) infection in Victoria A 69-year-old man from the Murray River town of Mildura presented to hospital in early March 2011 with a 3-day history of agitation, a 1-day ...

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