出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2014/02/28 00:31:01」(JST)
Order Mononegavirales | |
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Virus classification | |
Group: | Group V ((-)ssRNA) |
Order: | Mononegavirales |
Families | |
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The order Mononegavirales is the taxonomic home of numerous related viruses. Members of the order that are commonly known are, for instance, Ebola virus, human respiratory syncytial virus, measles virus, mumps virus, Nipah virus, and rabies virus. All of these viruses cause significant disease in humans. Many very important pathogens of nonhuman animals and plants are also members of this order.
The order Mononegavirales is a virological taxon (i.e. a man-made concept) that was created in 1991[1][2] and emended in 1995,[3] 1997,[4] 2000,[5] 2005,[6] and 2011.[7] The name Mononegavirales is derived from the Greek adjective μóνος [monos] (alluding to the monopartite and single-stranded genomes of mononegaviruses), the Latin verb negare (alluding to the negative polarity of these genomes), and the taxonomic suffix -virales (denoting a viral order).[8] The order currently includes the four virus families Bornaviridae, Filoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae.[7][8][9] A fifth family, "Nyamiviridae", was recently proposed to be included.[10]
Mononegavirales is pronounced ˌmɒnəˌnɛgəviː’rɑ:lɨz (IPA) or mo-nuh-ne-guh-vee-rah-liz in English phonetic notation.[8] According to the rules for taxon naming established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the name Mononegavirales is always to be capitalized, italicized, and never abbreviated.[7] The names of its physical members (mononegaviruses/mononegavirads) are to be written in lower case, are not italicized and used without articles.[7][8]
A virus is a member of the order Mononegavirales if[7][8]
The order includes four accepted families that include numerous genera, consisting of many different species. Subfamilies have only been established for the mononegavirus family Paramyxoviridae. The order has expanded considerably during recent years due to the discovery of many novel agents that were found to be phylogenetically diverse from already known mononegaviruses. Novel taxa (genera and/or species) had to be proposed, some of which have by now been accepted by the ICTV, and others that are in various stages of the suggestion/proposal/consideration process. The table below provides an overview of the current composition of the order. Note that this table only lists taxa (concepts), but not their virus members (physical entities).
Family name | Subfamily name | Genus name | Species name |
Bornaviridae | Bornavirus | "Avian bornavirus 1" (suggested)[11] | |
"Avian bornavirus 2" (suggested)[11] | |||
"Avian bornavirus 3" (suggested)[11] | |||
"Avian bornavirus 4" (suggested)[11] | |||
"Avian bornavirus 5" (suggested)[11] | |||
"Canada geese bornavirus" (suggested)[11] | |||
"Canary bornavirus" (suggested)[11] | |||
Borna disease virus* | |||
Filoviridae | Cuevavirus (accepted) | Lloviu cuevavirus* (accepted) | |
Ebolavirus | Bundibugyo ebolavirus | ||
Reston ebolavirus | |||
Sudan ebolavirus | |||
Taï Forest ebolavirus | |||
Zaire ebolavirus* | |||
Marburgvirus | Marburg marburgvirus* | ||
"Nyamiviridae" (proposed)[10] | "Nyavirus" (proposed)[10] | Midway nyavirus (accepted) | |
Nyamanini nyavirus* (accepted) | |||
Unnamed[10] | Soybean cyst nematode virus* (accepted) | ||
Paramyxoviridae | Paramyxovirinae | Aquaparamyxovirus | Atlantic salmon paramyxovirus* |
"Pacific salmon paramyxovirus" (suggested)[12] | |||
Avulavirus | Avian paramyxovirus 2 | ||
Avian paramyxovirus 3 | |||
Avian paramyxovirus 4 | |||
Avian paramyxovirus 5 | |||
Avian paramyxovirus 6 | |||
Avian paramyxovirus 7 | |||
Avian paramyxovirus 8 | |||
Avian paramyxovirus 9 | |||
"Avian paramyxovirus 10" (suggested)[13] | |||
Newcastle disease virus* | |||
Ferlavirus | Fer-de-Lance paramyxovirus* | ||
Henipavirus | "Cedar virus" (suggested) | ||
Hendra virus* | |||
Nipah virus | |||
"Jeilongvirus" (suggested)[14] | "Beilong virus" (suggested)[14] | ||
"J virus"* (suggested)[14] | |||
"Tailam virus" (suggested)[15] | |||
Morbillivirus | Canine distemper virus | ||
Cetacean morbillivirus | |||
Measles virus* | |||
Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus | |||
Phocine distemper virus | |||
Rinderpest virus | |||
Respirovirus | Bovine parainfluenza virus 3 | ||
Human parainfluenza virus 1 | |||
Human parainfluenza virus 3 | |||
Sendai virus* | |||
Simian virus 10 | |||
Rubulavirus | Human parainfluenza virus 2 | ||
Human parainfluenza virus 4 | |||
Mapuera virus | |||
"Menangle virus" (suggested) | |||
Mumps virus* | |||
Parainfluenza virus 5 | |||
Porcine rubulavirus | |||
Simian virus 41 | |||
"Tioman virus" (suggested) | |||
"Tuhoko paramyxovirus 1" (suggested)[16] | |||
"Tuhoko paramyxovirus 2" (suggested)[16] | |||
"Tuhoko paramyxovirus 3" (suggested)[16] | |||
Unassigned | "Mossman virus" (suggested)[17] | ||
"Nariva virus" (suggested)[18] | |||
"Tupaia paramyxovirus"* (suggested)[19] | |||
"Salem virus" (suggested)[20] | |||
Pneumovirinae | Pneumovirus | Bovine respiratory syncytial virus | |
Human respiratory syncytial virus* | |||
Murine pneumonia virus | |||
Metapneumovirus | Avian metapneumovirus* | ||
Human metapneumovirus | |||
No name suggested yet | No name suggested yet | "Sunshine virus"* (suggested)[21] | |
Rhabdoviridae | Cytorhabdovirus | Barley yellow striate mosaic virus | |
Broccoli necrotic yellows virus | |||
Festuca leaf streak virus | |||
"Ivy vein banding virus" (suggested) | |||
Lettuce necrotic yellows virus* | |||
Lettuce yellow mottle virus | |||
Northern cereal mosaic virus | |||
Sonchus virus | |||
"Soybean blotchy mosaic virus" (suggested) | |||
Strawberry crinkle virus | |||
Wheat American striate mosaic virus | |||
"Wheat rosette stunt virus" (suggested) | |||
Ephemerovirus | Adelaide River virus | ||
Berrimah virus | |||
Bovine ephemeral fever virus* | |||
"Kimberley virus" (suggested) | |||
Kotonkan virus | |||
"Malakal virus" (suggested) | |||
Obodhiang virus | |||
"Puchong virus" (suggested) | |||
Lyssavirus | Aravan virus | ||
Australian bat lyssavirus | |||
Bokeloh bat lyssavirus (accepted) | |||
Duvenhage virus | |||
European bat lyssavirus 1 | |||
European bat lyssavirus 2 | |||
"Ikoma lyssavirus" (proposed) | |||
Irkut virus | |||
Khujand virus | |||
Lagos bat virus | |||
Mokola virus | |||
Rabies virus* | |||
Shimoni bat virus | |||
West Caucasian bat virus | |||
Novirhabdovirus | "Eel virus B12" (suggested) | ||
"Eel virus C26" (suggested) | |||
Hirame rhabdovirus | |||
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus* | |||
Snakehead virus | |||
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus | |||
Nucleorhabdovirus | "Cereal chlorotic mottle virus" (suggested) | ||
"Cynodon rhabdovirus" (suggested) | |||
Datura yellow vein virus | |||
Eggplant mottled dwarf virus | |||
Maize fine streak virus | |||
Maize Iranian mosaic virus | |||
Maize mosaic virus | |||
Potato yellow dwarf virus* | |||
Rice yellow stunt virus | |||
Sonchus yellow net virus | |||
"Sorghum stunt mosaic virus" (suggested) | |||
Sowthistle yellow vein virus | |||
Taro vein chlorosis virus | |||
Perhabdovirus | Anguillid rhabdovirus | ||
Perch rhabdovirus* | |||
Sea trout rhabdovirus | |||
Sigmavirus | "Culex tritaeniorhynchus rhabdovirus" (suggested)[22] | ||
Drosophila affinis sigmavirus | |||
Drosophila ananassae sigmavirus | |||
Drosophila immigrans sigmavirus | |||
Drosophila melanogaster sigmavirus* | |||
Drosophila obscura sigmavirus | |||
Drosophila tristis sigmavirus | |||
Muscina stabulans sigmavirus | |||
"Sinistar-like viruses" (suggested)[23] | "Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus"* (suggested)[23] | ||
Sprivivirus (accepted) | Pike fry rhabdovirus* (accepted) | ||
Spring viremia of carp virus* | |||
Tibrovirus | Coastal plains virus* | ||
Tibrogargan virus | |||
Tupavirus (accepted) | Durham virus* (accepted) | ||
Tupaia virus | |||
Vesiculovirus | "BeAn 157575 virus"" (suggested) | ||
"Boteke virus" (suggested) | |||
"Calchaqui virus" (suggested) | |||
Carajas virus | |||
Chandipura virus | |||
Cocal virus | |||
"Eel virus American" (suggested) | |||
"Eel virus European X" (suggested) | |||
"Grass carp rhabdovirus" (suggested) | |||
"Gray Lodge virus" (suggested) | |||
Isfahan virus* | |||
"Jurona virus" (suggested) | |||
"Klamath virus" (suggested) | |||
"Kwatta virus" (suggested) | |||
"La Joya virus" (suggested) | |||
"Lake trout rhabdovirus" (suggested) | |||
"Malpais Spring virus" (suggested) | |||
Maraba virus | |||
"Perinet virus" (suggested) | |||
Piry virus | |||
"Porton virus" (suggested) | |||
"Radi virus" (suggested) | |||
"Sea trout rhabdovirus" (suggested) | |||
"Tench rhabdovirus" (suggested) | |||
"Ulcerative disease rhabdovirus" (suggested) | |||
Vesicular stomatitis Alagoas virus | |||
Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus* | |||
Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus | |||
"Yug Bogdanovac virus" (suggested) | |||
Unassigned | Flanders virus | ||
Moussa virus | |||
Ngaingan virus | |||
Wongabel virus |
Table legend: "*" denotes type species; "suggested" refers to taxa that have been suggested by individual researchers but that have not been formally proposed to the ICTV; "proposed" refers to taxa that have been formally proposed; and "accepted" refers to taxa that have been accepted by the Executive Committee of the ICTV but that have yet to be ratified. Only accepted and ratified taxa are italicized, whereas suggested and proposed taxa are not and placed in quotation marks.
The mononegavirus life cycle begins with virion attachment to specific cell-surface receptors, followed by fusion of the virion envelope with cellular membranes and the concomitant release of the virus nucleocapsid into the cytosol. The virus RdRp partially uncoats the nucleocapsid and transcribes the genes into positive-stranded mRNAs, which are then translated into structural and nonstructural proteins. Mononegavirus RdRps bind to a single promoter located at the 3' end of the genome. Transcription either terminates after a gene or continues to the next gene downstream. This means that genes close to the 3' end of the genome are transcribed in the greatest abundance, whereas those toward the 5' end are least likely to be transcribed. The gene order is therefore a simple but effective form of transcriptional regulation. The most abundant protein produced is the nucleoprotein, whose concentration in the cell determines when the RdRp switches from gene transcription to genome replication. Replication results in full-length, positive-stranded antigenomes that are in turn transcribed into negative-stranded virus progeny genome copies. Newly synthesized structural proteins and genomes self-assemble and accumulate near the inside of the cell membrane. Virions bud off from the cell, gaining their envelopes from the cellular membrane they bud from. The mature progeny particles then infect other cells to repeat the cycle.[6]
Mononegaviruses have a history that dates back several tens of million of years. Mononegavirus "fossils" have been discovered in the form of mononegavirus genes or gene fragments integrated into mammalian genomes. For instance, bornavirus gene "fossils" have been detected in the genomes of bats, fish, hyraxes, marsupials, primates, rodents, ruminants, and elephants.[24][25][26] Filovirus gene "fossils" have been detected in the genomes of bats, rodents, shrews, tenrecs, and marsupials.[25][26][27] A Midway virus "fossil" was found in the genome of zebrafish.[25] Finally, rhabdovirus "fossils" were found in the genomes of mosquitoes, ticks, and plants.[26][28][29]
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