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Theodor Hermann Meynert (15 June 1833 – 31 May 1892) was a German-Austrian neuropathologist and anatomist born in Dresden. Meynert believed that disturbances in brain development could be a predisposition for psychiatric illness and that certain psychoses are reversible.

In 1861 he earned his medical doctorate, and in 1875 became director of the psychiatric clinic associated with the University of Vienna. Some of his better known students in Vienna were Josef Breuer, Sigmund Freud, who in 1883 worked at Meynert's psychiatric clinic, and Julius Wagner-Jauregg, who introduced fever treatment for syphilis. Meynert later distanced himself from Freud because of the latter's involvement with practices such as hypnosis. Meynert also ridiculed Freud's idea of male hysteria; though some authors believe this to be due to his own hidden suffering of the illness, prompting a reconciliation with Freud near to his death.^[1] Other famous students of Meynert's were Russian neuropsychiatrist Sergei Korsakoff (1854–1900), German neuropathologist Carl Wernicke (1848–1905) and Swiss neuroanatomist Auguste-Henri Forel (1848–1931). Meynert's work was an important influence in the career of German neuropathologist Paul Flechsig (1847–1929).

Brain research

Meynert's work was largely focused on brain anatomy, pathology and histology, including the mapping of its intricate pathways and topography. He made many contributions involving the study of the cellular architecture of the brain and is often considered to be the founder of cerebral cortex cytoarchitectonics.

Meynert developed theories in regards to correlations between neuroanatomical and mental processes. He conceptualized that a coupling between one mental association and its temporal successor as a literal contact between cortical nerve cells linked to one other by nerve fibers, and a series of cortical associations could therefore be construed as being a "train of thought". He also theorized that ideas and memories are to be envisioned as being attached to specific cortical cells.

In regards to mental illness, Meynert conceptualized that a conflict existed between the cerebral cortex and the sub-cortical regions as the primary cause for abnormal function of cerebral components. Also he formulated that a causal connection existed between cerebral pathologies and psychoses due to a lack of "cerebral nutrition" related to vasomotor functionality.^[2] Meynert's aim was to establish psychiatry as an exact science based on anatomy. In his 1884 textbook Psychiatrie. Klinik der Erkrankungen des Vorderhirns, Meynert forewords with the statement:

"The reader will find no other definition of 'Psychiatry' in this book but the one given on the title page: Clinical Treatise on Diseases of the Forebrain. The historical term for psychiatry, i.e., 'treatment of the soul,' implies more than we can accomplish, and transcends the bounds of accurate scientific investigation."^[3]

Anatomical terms

He has several anatomical structures named after him, including the basal optic nucleus of Meynert, the substantia innominata of Meynert and "Meynert cells", which are solitary pyramidal cells located in the cerebral cortex near the calcarine fissure. In 1869 Meynert described the dorsal tegmental decussation of the left and right tectospinal and tectobulbar tracts, located in the mesencephalon (midbrain). This was to become known as "Meynert's decussation" or as "fountain decussation".^[4]^[5]

Selected written works

Die Bloßlegung des Bündelverlaufs im Großhirnstamme, 1865
Der Bau der Großhirnrinde und seine örtliche Verschiedenheiten nebst einem pathologisch-anatomischen Korollarium, 1868 - Construction of the cerebral cortex and its local differences, including a pathological-anatomical corollary.
Vom Gehirn der Säugetiere in Salomon Stricker's Handbuch der Lehre von den Geweben der Menschen und Tiere, 1869 - The brain of mammals.
Psychiatrie. Klinik der Erkrankungen des Vorderhirns, begründet auf dessen Bau, Leistungen und Ernährung, 1884 - Psychiatry: clinical disorders of the forebrain, based on its construction, performance and nutrition.
Klinische Vorlesungen über Psychiatrie, 1890 - Lectures on clinical psychiatry.
Gedichte; Poems (published posthumously by Dora von Stockert-Meynert). William Braumüller, Vienna and Leipzig in 1905.

Notes

^ Fancher, R., E. (1996). Pioneers of Psychology (3rd eds). Norton and Company Inc., London/New York
^ Answers.com; Theodor Meynert
^ Mental Illness as a "Brain Disease"
^ Dorlands Medical Dictionary
^ Theodor Hermann Meynert @ Who Named It

List of publications taken from an article on Theodor Meynert from the German Wikipedia.

External links

Seitelberger F (December 1997). "Theodor Meynert (1833-1892), pioneer and visionary of brain research". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 6 (3): 264–74. doi:10.1080/09647049709525713. PMID 11619863.
[1] The Neurological Origins of Psychoanalysis by Raymond E. Fancher
[2] Review from Psychological Science Vol. 7, No. 2, March 1996 by Frederick Crews

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Resting-State Functional Connectivity of the Basal Nucleus of Meynert in Cigarette Smokers: Dependence Level and Gender Differences.

Zhang S1, Hu S1, Fucito LM1, Luo X1, Mazure CM1,2, Zaborszky L3, Li CR1,4,5.
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.Nicotine Tob Res.2017 Apr 1;19(4):452-459. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntw209.
PMID 27613921

White Matter Damage in the Cholinergic System Contributes to Cognitive Impairment in Subcortical Vascular Cognitive Impairment, No Dementia.

Liu Q1, Zhu Z2, Teipel SJ3, Yang J1, Xing Y1, Tang Y1, Jia J4.
Frontiers in aging neuroscience.Front Aging Neurosci.2017 Feb 27;9:47. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00047. eCollection 2017.
PMID 28289381

Cholinergic profiles in the Goettingen miniature pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) brain.

Mahady LJ1,2, Perez SE1, Emerich DF3, Wahlberg LU3, Mufson EJ1.
The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2017 Feb 15;525(3):553-573. doi: 10.1002/cne.24087. Epub 2016 Aug 30.
PMID 27490949

Japanese Journal

The missing link between long-term stimulation of nicotinic receptors and the increases of acetylcholine release and vasodilation in the cerebral cortex of aged rats

Uchida Sae,Hotta Harumi,Misawa Hidemi [他]
The journal of physiological sciences 63(2), 95-101, 2013-03
NAID 40019602574

Lesions of cortical GABAergic interneurons and acetylcholine neurons in xeroderma pigmentosum group A

HAYASHI Masaharu,OHTO Tatsuyuki,SHIODA Kei,FUKATSU Ryo
Brain & development 34(4), 287-292, 2012-04-01
NAID 10031050444

Astrocyte Calcium Signaling Transforms Cholinergic Modulation to Cortical Plasticity In Vivo

高田則雄,三嶋恒子,久恒智博,永井てるみ,戎井悦子,御子柴克彦,平瀬肇
The Journal of Neuroscience 31(49), 18155-18165, 2011-12
… We investigated first whether a combined stimulation of mouse whiskers and the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM), the principal source of cholinergic innervation to the cortex, leads to enhanced whisker-evoked local field potential. …
NAID 120004161559

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拡張検索	「nucleus basalis of Meynert」「Meynert fasciculus」

「nucleus basalis of Meynert」

Theodor Meynert
Theodor Meynert
Born	Theodor Hermann Meynert; 15 June 1833; Dresden
Died	31 May 1892 (aged 58); Klosterneuburg
Nationality	Austria
Fields	Neuropathology
Institutions	University of Vienna
Alma mater	University of Vienna
Known for	cytoarchitectonics
Influenced	Paul Flechsig, Sergei Korsakoff, Gabriel Anton

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マイネルト基底核

関: basal nucleus of Meynert、nucleus basalis magnocellularis

「Meynert fasciculus」

　　[★] 反屈束。マイネルト束

[1] Fancher, R., E. (1996). Pioneers of Psychology (3rd eds). Norton and Company Inc., London/New York

[2] Answers.com; Theodor Meynert

[3] Mental Illness as a "Brain Disease"

[4] Dorlands Medical Dictionary

[5] Theodor Hermann Meynert @ Who Named It

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Meynert