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Hymenolepis diminuta, also known as rat tapeworm, is a species of Hymenolepis tapeworm that causes hymenolepiasis. It has slightly bigger eggs and proglottids than H. nana and infects mammals using insects as intermediate hosts. The adult structure is 20 to 60 cm long and the mature proglottid is similar to that of H. nana, except it is larger.

H. diminuta is prevalent worldwide, but only a few hundred human cases have been reported.^[1]^[2]^[3] Few cases have ever been reported in Australia, United States, Spain, and Italy. In countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, Jamaica, Indonesia, the prevalence is higher.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Life cycle

The cycle begins as arthropods ingest the eggs. Arthropods are then able to act as the intermediate host. When ingested, the eggs develop into cysticercoids. As shown in the CDC life cycle, oncospheres hatch and then penetrate the intestinal wall.^[7] Rodents can become infected when they eat arthropods. Humans, especially children, can ingest the arthropods as well and therefore become infected via the same mechanism. Rodents, especially rats, are definitive hosts and natural reservoirs of H. diminuta. The intermediate hosts are the coprophilic arthropods (fleas, lepidoptera, and coleoptera). As the definitive host (rats) eats an infected arthropod, cysticercoids present in the body cavity transform into the adult worm. The resulting eggs are then passed through the stool. In recent findings, beetle-to-beetle transmission of H. diminuta can be seen via the feces. Additionally, more infections occur due to this mechanism of egg dispersal.^[8]

H. diminuta life cycle.

Prevalence

H. diminuta infection in humans is rare, typically occurring in isolated cases. As such, several studies of H. diminuta exist as case reports describing a single affected individual.

In rural Devghar, India, a place heavily infested with rodents and cockroaches, H. diminuta eggs were found in a 12-year-old girl living in a small village.^[9]

In an urban area of Rome, a 2-year-old boy was also infected by H. diminuta. However, in this instance, investigators found no evidence of rodent or other possible sources of infection in the places habitually occupied by the affected boy.^[5]

In 1989, a child from St. James Parish, Jamaica was the subject of the first documented case of H. diminuta occurring in Jamaica, West Indies.^[10]

Influence on host behavior

In a behavioral study of the beetle Tenebrio molitor with cysticercoids of the rat tapeworm H. diminuta, findings suggested that the parasite impairs a beetle's ability to conceal itself. The study followed a rat and a beetle infected with the parasite. Infected beetles were slower than the control group; however, they still maintained the same learning level. In the initial phase of infection, the beetle was in high stress. As time progressed, this did not worsen their ability to learn. Overall, the training experiment portrayed that infected beetles were unable to hide from the rat, illustrating the high impact the parasite had on its host, the beetle.^[11]

Symptoms

H. diminuta is often asymptomatic. However, abdominal pain, irritability, itching, and eosinophilia are among the existing symptoms in a few of the reported cases.

Treatment

Since data regarding praziquantel treatment of H. diminuta is sparse, scientists have recommended that every case and treatment of H. diminuta be reported for development of protocols and parasitological purposes.^[4]

A 2-year-old Italian boy affected by tuberous sclerosis was infected by H. diminuta. Due to concerns over his neurological condition, the boy was treated with niclosamide rather than praziquantel. In this case, niclosamide treatment proved to be successful.^[5]

Notes

^ Lo CT, Ayele Y, Birrie H. Helminth and snail survey in Harerge region of Ethiopia with special reference to Schistosomiasis. Ethiop Med J 1989;27:73-83.
^ McMillan B, Kelly A, Walkar JC. Prevalence of Hymenolepis diminuta infection in man in the New Guinea Highlands. Trop Geogr Med 1971;23:390-2.
^ Mercado R, Arias B. Infections by Taenia sp and other intestinal cestodos in patients of consultorios hospitals and the public sector north of Santiago de Chile (1985–1995). Bol Chil Parasitol 1995:50:80-3.
^ ^a ^b Tena D, Pιrez Simón M, Gimeno C, Pιrez Pomata MT, Illescas S, Amondarain I, et al. Human infection with Hymenolepis diminuta : Case report from Spain. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:2375-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c Marangi M, Zechini B, Fileti A, Quaranta G, Aceti A. Hymenolepis diminuta infection in a child living in the urban area of Rome, Italy. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:3994-5.
^ Kan SK, Kok RT, Marto S, Thomas I , Teo WW. The first report in Hymenolepis diminuta infection in Sabah, Malaysia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1981;75:609.
^ CDC H. diminuta life cycle. Accessed online April 2009 at: http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/HTML/ImageLibrary/G-L/Hymenolepiasis/body_Hymenolepiasis_il8.htm
^ Pappas, P. W., and A. J. Barley. 1999. Beetle-to-beetle transmission and dispersal of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) eggs via the feces of Tenebrio molitor. J. Parasitol. 85:384-385.
^ Watwe S, Dardi CK. Hymenolepis diminuta in a child from rural area. Indian Journal of Pathology & Microbiology 2008; 51(1): 149-150.
^ Cohen IP. A case report of Hymenolepis diminuta in a child in St James Parish, Jamaica. J La State Med Soc 1989;141: 23-4.
^ Sheiman IM, Shkutin MF, Terenina NB, Gustafsson MK. A behavioral study of the beetle Tenebrio molitor infected with cysticercoids of the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta. Naturwissenschaften. 2006 Jun;93(6):305-8. Epub 2006 Mar 23.

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1. 腸管条虫 intestinal tapeworms
2. 犬および猫以外のペットからの人畜共通感染症 zoonoses from pets other than dogs and cats
3. 駆虫薬療法 anthelminthic therapies

English Journal

The anthelmintic efficacy of natural plant cysteine proteinases against two rodent cestodes Hymenolepis diminuta and Hymenolepis microstoma in vitro.

Mansur F1, Luoga W2, Buttle DJ3, Duce IR4, Lowe A4, Behnke JM5.Author information 1School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.2School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; Department of Life Sciences, Mkwawa University College of Education, Iringa, Tanzania.3Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.4School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.5School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. Electronic address: jerzy.behnke@nottingham.ac.uk.AbstractLittle is known about the efficacy of cysteine proteinases (CP) as anthelmintics for cestode infections. We examined the effects of CPs on two rodent cestodes, Hymenolepis diminuta and H. microstoma in vitro. Our data showed that naturally occurring mixtures of CPs, such as those found in papaya latex, and relatively pure preparations of fruit bromelain, papain and stem bromelain, were active in vitro against both juvenile, artificially excysted scoleces, as well as against adult worms of both rodent cestodes. Significant dose-dependent reduction in motility, ultimately leading to death of the worms, was observed with both species, and against both freshly excysted scoleces and 14-day old pre-adult worms. The most effective was fruit bromelain (after 30min of incubation of juvenile H. diminuta and H. microstoma IC50=63 and 74μM, respectively, and for pre-adult worms=199 and 260μM, respectively). The least effective was stem bromelain (after 30min of incubation of juvenile H. diminuta and H. microstoma IC50=2855 and 2772μM, respectively, and for pre-adult worms=1374 and 1332μM, respectively) and the efficacies of papaya latex supernatant and papain were between these extremes. In all cases these values are higher than those reported previously for efficacy of CPs against intestinal nematodes, and in contrast to nematodes, all CPs were effective against cestodes in the absence of exogenous cysteine in incubation media. The CPs appeared to attack the tegument resulting in generalised erosion mainly on the strobila. The scolex was more resistant to CP attack but nevertheless some damage to the tegument on the scolex was detected.
Veterinary parasitology.Vet Parasitol.2014 Mar 17;201(1-2):48-58. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.12.018. Epub 2013 Dec 28.
Little is known about the efficacy of cysteine proteinases (CP) as anthelmintics for cestode infections. We examined the effects of CPs on two rodent cestodes, Hymenolepis diminuta and H. microstoma in vitro. Our data showed that naturally occurring mixtures of CPs, such as those found in papaya lat
PMID 24462509

Hymenolepis diminuta Infections In Tenebrionid Beetles As A Model System for Ecological Interactions Between Helminth Parasites and Terrestrial Intermediate Hosts: A Review and Meta-Analysis.

Shostak AW.Author information Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada.AbstractAbstract : The cestode Hymenolepis diminuta (Cyclophyllidea) uses a variety of insects as its intermediate host, where ingestion of eggs results in development in the hemocoel of a cysticercoid that is infective to a rat definitive host. Species in 2 genera, Tenebrio and Tribolium (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) have been used extensively as laboratory intermediate hosts. This review examines experimental studies on ecological aspects of the relationship between H. diminuta and tenebrionid beetles, including the acquisition and establishment of the parasite, host effects on the parasite, and parasite effects on the host. A meta-analysis of infection results from the literature revealed strong relationships across host species and strains between (1) prevalence and intensity of infection, (2) efficiency of cysticercoid production and exposure conditions, and (3) variance in abundance or intensity of infection relative to their respective means. The underlying mechanisms producing these patterns remain elusive. Comparative studies are infrequent, and the use of divergent methodologies hampers comparisons among studies. In spite of these problems, there is much to recommend this as a terrestrial host-parasite model system. It represents those relationships in which mostly minor, but occasionally major, responses to parasitic infection occur, and in which host genetics and environmental conditions can serve as modifying factors. Moreover, this is a tractable experimental system, and is backed by an extensive literature on host biology.
The Journal of parasitology.J Parasitol.2014 Feb;100(1):46-58. doi: 10.1645/13-347.1. Epub 2013 Aug 16.
Abstract : The cestode Hymenolepis diminuta (Cyclophyllidea) uses a variety of insects as its intermediate host, where ingestion of eggs results in development in the hemocoel of a cysticercoid that is infective to a rat definitive host. Species in 2 genera, Tenebrio and Tribolium (Coleoptera: Te
PMID 23952690

Japanese Journal

Efficacy of praziquantel (injection formula) in the treatment of Hymenolepis diminuta infection in laboratory rats by oral application

ESATGIL Meltem Ulutas,GULANBER Aynur,AYDIN Handan
Tropical medicine and health 37(1), 13-16, 2009-03-01
… In this study, the efficacy of praziquantel (injection formula) by oral administration against Hymenolepis diminuta infection was evaluated in naturally infected rats. … diminuta infections in animals. …
NAID 10025715034

Surveillance of Endoparasitic Infections and the First Report of Physaloptera sp. and Sarcocystis spp. in Farm Rodents and Shrews in Central Taiwan(Parasitology)

TUNG Kwong-Chung,HSIAO Fun-Chun,YANG Cheng-Hsiung,CHOU Chi-Chung,LEE Wei-Ming,WANG Kai-Sung,LAI Cheng-Hung
The journal of veterinary medical science 71(1), 43-47, 2009-01-25
… The rats were infected with four cestodes, Taenia taeniaeformis (48.4%), Hymenolepis diminuta (38.9%), Hymenolepis nana (5.3%), and Raillietina celebensis (45.3%); …
NAID 110007055385

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Hymenolepis diminuta
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Platyhelminthes
Class:	Cestoda
Order:	Cyclophyllidea
Family:	Hymenolepididae
Genus:	Hymenolepis
Species:	H. diminuta
Binomial name
	Hymenolepis diminuta; (Rudolphi, 1819)

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ラ: Hymenolepis diminuta

[1] Lo CT, Ayele Y, Birrie H. Helminth and snail survey in Harerge region of Ethiopia with special reference to Schistosomiasis. Ethiop Med J 1989;27:73-83.

[2] McMillan B, Kelly A, Walkar JC. Prevalence of Hymenolepis diminuta infection in man in the New Guinea Highlands. Trop Geogr Med 1971;23:390-2.

[3] Mercado R, Arias B. Infections by Taenia sp and other intestinal cestodos in patients of consultorios hospitals and the public sector north of Santiago de Chile (1985–1995). Bol Chil Parasitol 1995:50:80-3.

[CaseReport-4] Tena D, Pιrez Simón M, Gimeno C, Pιrez Pomata MT, Illescas S, Amondarain I, et al. Human infection with Hymenolepis diminuta : Case report from Spain. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:2375-6.

[infection-5] Marangi M, Zechini B, Fileti A, Quaranta G, Aceti A. Hymenolepis diminuta infection in a child living in the urban area of Rome, Italy. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:3994-5.

[6] Kan SK, Kok RT, Marto S, Thomas I , Teo WW. The first report in Hymenolepis diminuta infection in Sabah, Malaysia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1981;75:609.

[7] CDC H. diminuta life cycle. Accessed online April 2009 at: http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/HTML/ImageLibrary/G-L/Hymenolepiasis/body_Hymenolepiasis_il8.htm

[8] Pappas, P. W., and A. J. Barley. 1999. Beetle-to-beetle transmission and dispersal of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) eggs via the feces of Tenebrio molitor. J. Parasitol. 85:384-385.

[9] Watwe S, Dardi CK. Hymenolepis diminuta in a child from rural area. Indian Journal of Pathology & Microbiology 2008; 51(1): 149-150.

[10] Cohen IP. A case report of Hymenolepis diminuta in a child in St James Parish, Jamaica. J La State Med Soc 1989;141: 23-4.

[11] Sheiman IM, Shkutin MF, Terenina NB, Gustafsson MK. A behavioral study of the beetle Tenebrio molitor infected with cysticercoids of the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta. Naturwissenschaften. 2006 Jun;93(6):305-8. Epub 2006 Mar 23.

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Hymenolepis diminuta