WordNet

control consisting of a mechanical device for controlling the flow of a fluid
device in a brass wind instrument for varying the length of the air column to alter the pitch of a tone
one of the paired hinged shells of certain molluscs and of brachiopods
the entire one-piece shell of a snail and certain other molluscs
a structure in a hollow organ (like the heart) with a flap to insure one-way flow of fluid through it
United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863) (同)Sam Houston, Samuel Houston
the largest city in Texas; located in southeastern Texas near the Gulf of Mexico; site of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(of brass instruments) having valves

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(液体・ガスなどの流れを調節する)『バルブ』,弁 / (血液の流れを調節する)弁,弁膜 / (管楽器の)バルブ / (2枚貝の)から,貝がら / 《英》真空管
ヒューストン(米国Texas州東南部の都市:NASAの宇宙船飛行管制センターがある)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/09/27 06:44:03」(JST)

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The transverse folds of rectum (or Houston's valves) are semi-lunar transverse folds of the rectal wall that protrude into the rectum, not the anal canal as that lies below the rectum. Their use seems to be to support the weight of fecal matter, and prevent its urging toward the anus, which would produce a strong urge to defecate. Although the term rectum means straight, these transverse folds overlap each other during the empty state of the intestine to such an extent that, as Houston remarked, they require considerable maneuvering to conduct an instrument along the canal, as often occurs in sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy.

These folds are about 12 mm. in width and are composed of the circular muscle coat of the rectum. They are usually three in number; sometimes a fourth is found, and occasionally only two are present.

One is situated near the commencement of the rectum, on the right side.
A second extends inward from the left side of the tube, opposite the middle of the sacrum.
A third, the largest and most constant, projects backward from the forepart of the rectum, opposite the fundus of the urinary bladder.
When a fourth is present, it is situated nearly 2.5 cm above the anus on the left and posterior wall of the tube.

Transverse folds were first described by a British anatomist John Houston, a curator of Dublin College of Surgeon's Museum, in 1830. They appear to be peculiar to human physiology: Baur (1863) looked for Houston's valves in a number of mammals, including wolf, bear, rhinoceros, and several Old World primates, but didn't find any. They are formed very early during human development, and may be visible in embryos of as little as 55 mm in length (10 weeks of gestational age.)^[1]

External links[edit]

Shafik A, Doss S, Ali Y, Shafik A (2001). "Transverse folds of rectum: anatomic study and clinical implications.". Clin Anat 14 (3): 196–203. doi:10.1002/ca.1033. PMID 11301467.
pelvis at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (rectum)

References[edit]

^ P.H.S.Silver (1955). "Observation on the Valves of Houston in the human embryo and foetus". Journal of Anatomy 89 (2): 217–24. PMC 1244784. PMID 14367217.

This article incorporates text from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy.

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English Journal

Aortic valve leaflet entrapment by a percutaneous closure device.

Tuluca A1, Omer S1, Cornwell L1, Blaustein A2, Kar B2, Weldon S3, Bakaeen FG4.
The Annals of thoracic surgery.Ann Thorac Surg.2014 Jul;98(1):e23-5. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.02.080.
Iatrogenic aortic valve leaflet perforation and aorto-right atrial fistula are rare adverse events of transcatheter interventions and transseptal radiofrequency ablations, respectively. We present the case of a 62-year-old man who experienced acute, severe aortic insufficiency as a result of leaflet
PMID 24996746

Direct aortic and subclavian access for transcatheter aortic valve replacement: Decision making and technique.

Ramlawi B1, Bedeir K2, Barker C2, Lin CH2, Kleiman N2, Reardon M2.
The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.2014 Jul;148(1):353-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.02.049. Epub 2014 Feb 21.
PMID 24655905

Applications for transoral robotic surgery in the pediatric airway.

Ferrell JK1, Roy S, Karni RJ, Yuksel S.
The Laryngoscope.Laryngoscope.2014 Jul 1. doi: 10.1002/lary.24753. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To report preliminary experience in the utilization of transoral robotic surgical (TORS) techniques in pediatric airway surgery.STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series.METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on all pediatric patients undergoing robotic airway surge
PMID 24986437

Japanese Journal

Keynote Lecture : Conservation of the Mitral Valve : We Can Do Better

Carabello Blase A.
Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 67(Supplement_I), 34, 2003-03-01
NAID 110002708659

II. Direct Lymphography : The diagnostic possibilities of lymphography in rectal cancer

宮下冨士弥
日本大腸肛門病学会雑誌 24(1), 3-4,46, 1971
… At first this filling defect was appeared at marginal sinus and then extended into central region.<BR>2) The form and size of lymph nodes affected by cancer were generally increased.<BR>3) Obstruction of the lymphatic flow followed lymphangiectasia, collateral circulation and other abnormal lymphatic condition.<BR>Metastasis into the external iliac group was proved in 10% cases which tumors were existed beneath the Houston's middle valve. …
NAID 130000782202