WordNet

process or manner of functioning or operating; "the power of its engine determines its operation"; "the planes operation in high winds"; "they compared the cooking performance of each oven"; "the jets performance conformed to high standards" (同)functioning, performance
(computer science) data processing in which the result is completely specified by a rule (especially the processing that results from a single instruction); "it can perform millions of operations per second"
the state of being in effect or being operative; "that rule is no longer in operation"
activity by a military or naval force (as a maneuver or campaign); "it was a joint operation of the navy and air force" (同)military operation
a process or series of acts especially of a practical or mechanical nature involved in a particular form of work; "the operations in building a house"; "certain machine tool operations" (同)procedure
a medical procedure involving an incision with instruments; performed to repair damage or arrest disease in a living body; "they will schedule the operation as soon as an operating room is available"; "he died while undergoing surgery" (同)surgery, surgical_operation, surgical_procedure, surgical process
a business especially one run on a large scale; "a large-scale farming operation"; "a multinational operation"; "they paid taxes on every stage of the operation"; "they had to consolidate their operations"
a planned activity involving many people performing various actions; "they organized a rescue operation"; "the biggest police operation in French history"; "running a restaurant is quite an operation"; "consolidate the companies various operations"
the activity of operating something (a machine or business etc.); "her smooth operation of the vehicle gave us a surprisingly comfortable ride"
financial transactions at a brokerage; having to do with the execution of trades and keeping customer records (同)trading operations

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(…)『作用』,働き;(機械などを)『動かすこと』,操作,(企業などの)運営《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(機械・機能などが)『動いている状態』,働いている状態,(法律など)有効である状態 / 〈C〉(人に対する…の)『手術』《+『on』〈人〉+『for』+『名』〈患部・病名〉》 / 〈C〉《複数形で》(特に,軍の)行動;《しばしばO-》…作戦 / 〈C〉運算,演算

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/12 03:28:52」(JST)

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A proctosigmoidectomy or Hartmann's procedure is the surgical resection of the rectosigmoid colon with closure of the rectal stump and formation of an end colostomy. It was used to treat colon cancer or inflammation (proctosigmoiditis, proctitis, diverticulitis, etc). Currently, its use is limited to emergency surgery when immediate anastomosis is not possible, or more rarely it is used palliatively in patients with colorectal tumours.^[1] The procedure was first described in 1921 by famous French surgeon Henri Albert Hartmann.^[2] The original two-paragraph article in French together with an English translation by Thomas Pézier and a modern commentary is available.^[3] The procedure is described in detail in his book, Chirurgie du Rectum, which was published in 1931 and constituted volume 8 of his Travaux de Chirurgie.^[4]

The Hartmann's procedure with a proximal end colostomy or ileostomy is the most common operation carried out by general surgeons for management of malignant obstruction of the distal colon. During this procedure, the lesion is removed, the distal bowel closed intraperitoneally, and the proximal bowel diverted with a stoma.

The indications for this procedure include:

a. Localized or generalized peritonitis caused by perforation of the bowel secondary to the cancer

b. Viable but injured proximal bowel that, in the opinion of the operating surgeon, precludes safe anastomosis.

Use of the Hartmann's procedure has been associated with a low perioperative mortality of 9%, but at the cost of a colostomy that, in up to two-thirds of patients, is never reversed.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Balanzoni S, Perrucci A, Pasi L, Montanari M (1997). "The Hartmann intervention. The current indications and the authors' own experience". Minerva Chir 52 (4): 383–6. PMID 9265121.
^ Hartmann, H.: 30th Congress Francais de Chirurgie-Process, Verheaux, Memoires, et Discussions, 30:411, 1921
^ Hotouras A (2008). "Henri Hartmann and his operation". Grand Rounds 8: L1–2. doi:10.1102/1470-5206,2008.9001.
^ Ronel D, Hardy M (2002). "Henri Albert Hartmann: Labor and discipline.". Curr Surg 59 (1): 59–64. doi:10.1016/S0149-7944(01)00572-4. PMID 16093106.

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English Journal

Reconfigurable wavefront sensor for ultrashort pulses.

Bock M, Kumar Das S, Fischer C, Diehl M, Börner P, Grunwald R.AbstractA highly flexible Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor for ultrashort pulse diagnostics is presented. The temporal system performance is studied in detail. Reflective operation is enabled by programming tilt-tolerant microaxicons into a liquid-crystal-on-silicon spatial light modulator. Nearly undistorted pulse transfer is obtained by generating nondiffracting needle beams as subbeams. Reproducible wavefront analysis and spatially resolved second-order autocorrelation are demonstrated at incident angles up to 50° and pulse durations down to 6 fs.
Optics letters.Opt Lett.2012 Apr 1;37(7):1154-6. doi: 10.1364/OL.37.001154.
A highly flexible Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor for ultrashort pulse diagnostics is presented. The temporal system performance is studied in detail. Reflective operation is enabled by programming tilt-tolerant microaxicons into a liquid-crystal-on-silicon spatial light modulator. Nearly undistorte
PMID 22466179

Sequential versus single high-dose chemotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory germ cell tumors: long-term results of a prospective randomized trial.

Lorch A, Kleinhans A, Kramar A, Kollmannsberger CK, Hartmann JT, Bokemeyer C, Rick O, Beyer J.SourceUniversity of Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.J Clin Oncol.2012 Mar 10;30(8):800-5. Epub 2012 Jan 30.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term survival rates in patients with relapsed or refractory germ cell tumors (GCTs) after single or sequential high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT).PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between November 1999 and November 2004, 211 patients with relapsed or refractory GCT were randomly assigne
PMID 22291076