WordNet

act so as to bring into existence; "effect a change"
a symptom caused by an illness or a drug; "the effects of sleep loss"; "the effect of the anesthetic"
(of a law) having legal validity; "the law is still in effect" (同)force
the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work (同)essence, burden, core, gist
an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived); "he just did it for effect"
produce; "The scientists set up a shock wave" (同)effectuate, set_up
Scottish writer and sister of Richard Haldane and John Haldane (1862-1937) (同)Elizabeth Haldane, Elizabeth Sanderson Haldane
Scottish geneticist (son of John Haldane) who contributed to the development of population genetics; a popularizer of science and a Marxist (1892-1964) (同)J. B. S. Haldane, John Burdon Sanderson Haldane
Scottish physiologist and brother of Richard Haldane and Elizabeth Haldane; noted for research into industrial diseases (1860-1936) (同)John Haldane, John Scott Haldane
Scottish statesman and brother of Elizabeth and John Haldane (1856-1928) (同)Richard Haldane, Richard Burdon Haldane, First Viscount Haldane of Cloan
property of a personal character that is portable but not used in business; "she left some of her personal effects in the house"; "I watched over their effects until they returned" (同)personal_effects

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉〈U〉『結果』 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…への)『効果』,効きめ,影響《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉(色・音・形などの)印象,感銘 / 《複数形で》品物;身の回り品;動産,財産 / (結果として)…‘を'『もたらす』;〈目的など〉‘を'果たす,遂行する

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/18 16:50:43」(JST)

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The Haldane effect is a property of hemoglobin first described by John Scott Haldane. Deoxygenation of the blood increases its ability to carry carbon dioxide; this property is the Haldane effect. Conversely, oxygenated blood has a reduced capacity for carbon dioxide.

Carbamino

Carbon dioxide can bind to amino groups, creating carbamino compounds. Amino groups are available for binding at the N-terminals and at side-chains of arginine and lysine residues in haemoglobin. This forms carbaminohaemoglobin. Carbaminohaemoglobin is the major contributor to the Haldane effect.^[1]

Buffering

Histidine residues in hemoglobin can accept protons and act as buffers. Deoxygenated hemoglobin is a better proton acceptor than the oxygenated form.^[1]

In red blood cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of dissolved carbon dioxide to carbonic acid, which rapidly dissociates to bicarbonate and a free proton:
CO₂ + H₂O → H₂CO₃ → H⁺ + HCO₃⁻
By Le Chatelier's principle, anything that stabilizes the proton produced will cause the reaction to shift to the right, thus the enhanced affinity of deoxyhemoglobin for protons enhances synthesis of bicarbonate and accordingly increases capacity of deoxygenated blood for carbon dioxide. The majority of carbon dioxide in the blood is in the form of bicarbonate. Only a very small amount is actually dissolved as carbon dioxide, and the remaining amount of carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin.

In addition to enhancing removal of carbon dioxide from oxygen-consuming tissues, the Haldane effect promotes dissociation of carbon dioxide from hemoglobin in the presence of oxygen. In the oxygen-rich capillaries of the lung, this property causes the displacement of carbon dioxide to plasma as low-oxygen blood enters the alveolus and is vital for alveolar gas exchange.

The general equation for the Haldane Effect is: H⁺ + HbO₂ ←→ H⁺Hb + O₂; however, this equation is confusing as it reflects primarily the Bohr effect. The significance of this equation lies in realizing that oxygenation of Hb promotes dissociation of H⁺ from Hb, which shifts the bicarbonate buffer equilibrium towards CO₂ formation; therefore, CO₂ is released from RBCs.^[2]

Clinical significance

In patients with lung disease, lungs may not be able to increase alveolar ventilation in the face of increased amounts of dissolved CO₂.

This partially explains the observation that some patients with emphysema might have an increase in P_aCO₂ (partial pressure of arterial dissolved carbon dioxide) following administration of supplemental oxygen even if content of CO₂ stays equal.^[3]

References

^ ^a ^b Lumb, AB (2000). Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology (5th ed.). Butterworth Heinemann. pp. 227–229. ISBN 0-7506-3107-4.
^ Siggaard, O; Garby L (1973). "The Bohr Effect and the Haldane Effect". Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 31 (1): 1–8. doi:10.3109/00365517309082411.
^ Hanson, CW; Marshall BE; Frasch HF; Marshall C (January 1996). "Causes of hypercarbia with oxygen therapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". Critical Care Medicine 24 (1): 23–28. doi:10.1097/00003246-199601000-00007. PMID 8565533.

External links

Physiology: 4/4ch5/s4ch5_31 - Essentials of Human Physiology
Overview at umc.edu
Overview at vcu.edu

UpToDate Contents

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1. 高炭酸ガス血症患者における酸素の使用 use of oxygen in patients with hypercapnia
2. 酸素毒性 oxygen toxicity
3. 換気調節 control of ventilation
4. 換気調節障害 disorders of ventilatory control
5. 中枢性睡眠時無呼吸：治療 central sleep apnea treatment

English Journal

Performance and macrokinetic analysis of biofiltration of toluene and p-xylene mixtures in a conventional biofilter packed with inert material.

Gallastegui G, Avalos Ramirez A, Elias A, Jones JP, Heitz M.SourceDepartment of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University of the Basque Country, Alda Urquijo s/n, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
Bioresource technology.Bioresour Technol.2011 Sep;102(17):7657-65. Epub 2011 May 27.
Interactions of toluene and p-xylene in air treatment biofilters packed with an inert filter media were studied. The effect of the inlet load of toluene, p-xylene and mixtures of both compounds on the biodegradation rate was analyzed in three lab-scale biofilters. A maximum elimination capacity (EC)
PMID 21715161

Japanese Journal

^1H-NMR Study of the Random Bond Effect in the Quantum Spin System (CH_3)_2CHNH_3Cu(Cl_xBr_<1-x>)_3(Condensed matter: electronic structure and electrical, magnetic, and optical properties)

ADACHI Tomoya,KANADA Keishi,SAITO Takehiro,OOSAWA Akira,GOTO Takayuki
Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 76(8), "083701-1"-"083701-4", 2007-08-15
… The spin-lattice relaxation rate T^<-1>_1 of ^1H-NMR has been measured in (CH_3)_2CHNH_3Cu(Cl_xBr_<1-x>)_3 with x=0.88, which is reportedly a gapped system with a singlet ground state from the previous macroscopic magnetization and specific heat measurements, in order to investigate the bond randomness effect microscopically in the gapped composite Haldane system (CH_3)_2CHNH_3CuCl_3. …
NAID 110006366830