WordNet

(medicine) the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms and their multiplication which can lead to tissue damage and disease
(phonetics) the alteration of a speech sound under the influence of a neighboring sound
the pathological state resulting from the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms
(international law) illegality that taints or contaminates a ship or cargo rendering it liable to seizure
moral corruption or contamination; "ambitious men are led astray by an infection that is almost unavoidable"
an incident in which an infectious disease is transmitted (同)contagion, transmission

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〈U〉(病気の)伝染;感染 / 〈C〉伝染病

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/02/07 07:36:20」(JST)

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Not to be confused with Haemophilia

Haemophilus is a genus of Gram-negative, pleomorphic, coccobacilli bacteria belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family.^[2]^[3] While Haemophilus bacteria are typically small coccobacilli, they are categorized as pleomorphic bacteria because of the wide range of shapes they occasionally assume. These organisms inhabit the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract.^[4] The genus includes commensal organisms along with some significant pathogenic species such as H. influenzae—a cause of sepsis and bacterial meningitis in young children—and H. ducreyi, the causative agent of chancroid. All members are either aerobic or facultatively anaerobic.

Metabolism

Members of the Haemophilus genus will not grow on blood agar plates, as all species require at least one of these blood factors for growth: hemin (factor X) and/or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (factor V). They are unable to synthesize important parts of the cytochrome system needed for respiration, and they obtain these substances from the heme fraction, known as the X factor, of blood hemoglobin. The culture medium must also supply the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (from either NAD+ or NADP+), which is known as the V factor. Clinical laboratories use tests for the requirement of the X and V factors to identify the isolates as Haemophilus species.<^[4]

Chocolate agar is an excellent Haemophilus growth medium, as it allows for increased accessibility to these factors.^[5] Alternatively, Haemophilus is sometimes cultured using the "Staph streak" technique: both Staphylococcus and Haemophilus organisms are cultured together on a single blood agar plate. In this case, Haemophilus colonies will frequently grow in small "satellite" colonies around the larger Staphylococcus colonies because the metabolism of Staphylococcus produces the necessary blood factor byproducts required for Haemophilus growth.

Strain^[6]	Needs Factor X	Needs Factor V	Hemolysis on HB/Rabbit blood
H. aegyptius	+	+	–
H. ducreyi	+	–	–
H. influenzae	+	+	–
H. haemolyticus	+	+	+
H. parainfluenzae	–	+	–
H. parahaemolyticus	–	+	+

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e LPSN bacterio.net
^ Holt JG (editor) (1994). Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (9th ed.). Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-683-00603-7.
^ Kuhnert P; Christensen H (editors). (2008). Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular Aspects. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-34-9. [1].
^ ^a ^b Tortora(1), Funke(2), Case(3), Gerard J(1), Berdell R(2), Christine L(3) (2016). Microbiology: An Introduction (12th ed.). Boston: Pearson. p. 301. ISBN 978-0321929150. OCLC 892055958.
^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ McPherson RA; Pincus MR (editors) (2011). Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods (22nd ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 1437709745.

External links

Haemophilus chapter in Baron's Medical Microbiology (online at the NCBI bookshelf).
Raw Living Radio Interviews Dr Robert Cassar as part of a 3 Show Series in HD 2014 from the EarthShiftProject.com, an educational and informational research organization

UpToDate Contents

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1. インフルエンザ菌の微生物学、疫学および治療 microbiology epidemiology and treatment of haemophilus influenzae
2. Prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b infection
3. 成人における特定病原体により引き起こされる細菌性髄膜炎の治療 treatment of bacterial meningitis caused by specific pathogens in adults
4. 喉頭蓋炎（supraglottitis）：臨床的特徴および診断 epiglottitis supraglottitis clinical features and diagnosis
5. 月齢1ヶ月以上の小児における急性細菌性髄膜炎：治療および予後 bacterial meningitis in children older than one month treatment and prognosis

English Journal

Altered expression of the CCN genes in the lungs of mice in response to cigarette smoke exposure and viral and bacterial infections.

Gueugnon F1, Thibault VC1, Kearley J2, Petit-Courty A1, Vallet A1, Guillon A1, Si-Tahar M1, Humbles AA2, Courty Y3.
Gene.Gene.2016 Jul 15;586(1):176-83. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.04.022. Epub 2016 Apr 11.
The CCN proteins are key signaling and regulatory molecules involved in many biological functions and contribute to malignant and non-malignant lung diseases. Despite the high morbidity and mortality of the lung respiratory infectious diseases, there is very little data related to the expression of
PMID 27080955

Microbiology of chronic rhinosinusitis.

Brook I1.
European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology.Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis.2016 Jul;35(7):1059-68. doi: 10.1007/s10096-016-2640-x. Epub 2016 Apr 16.
Most sinus infections are viral and only a small percentage develop bacterial infection. Rhino-, influenza, and para-influenza viruses are the most frequent viral causes of sinusitis. The most common bacterial isolates from children and adult patients with community-acquired acute bacterial sinusiti
PMID 27086363

Developing a vaccine to prevent otitis media caused by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae.

Khan MN1, Ren D1, Kaur R1, Basha S1, Zagursky R1, Pichichero ME1.
Expert review of vaccines.Expert Rev Vaccines.2016 Jul;15(7):863-78. doi: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1156539. Epub 2016 Mar 17.
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a predominant organism of the upper respiratory nasopharyngeal microbiota. Its disease spectrum includes otitis media, sinusitis, non-bacteremic pneumonia and invasive infections. Protein-based vaccines to prevent NTHi infections are needed to alleviate t
PMID 26894630

Japanese Journal

症例報告 RSウイルス感染に合併し,痙攣重積を伴った無莢膜型インフルエンザ菌による細菌性気管炎の1例

高知県医師会医学雑誌 = Journal of Kochi Medical Association 22(1), 280-286, 2017
NAID 40021182833

Evaluation of glutathione-binding protein A of <i>Haemophilus parasuis</i> as a vaccine candidate in a mouse model

Ｔｈｅ　Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ　ｏｆ　Ｖｅｔｅｒｉｎａｒｙ　Ｍｅｄｉｃａｌ　Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ 79(1), 184-187, 2017
NAID 130005296380

症例インフルエンザ桿菌による子宮内感染により生後3時間で新生児死亡に至った1例

産科と婦人科 83(5), 585-588, 2016-05
NAID 40020830328

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関連記事	「infection」

「infection」

Haemophilus
	Haemophilus influenzae on a blood agar plate.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Gammaproteobacteria
Order:	Pasteurellales
Family:	Pasteurellaceae
Genus:	Haemophilus; Winslow et al. 1917
Species
	H. aegyptius; H. aphrophilus; H. avium; H. ducreyi; H. felis; H. haemoglobinophilus; H. haemolyticus; H. influenzae; H. parainfluenzae; H. paracuniculus; H. parahaemolyticus; H. paraphrohaemolyticus; H. parasuis; H. pittmaniae; H. piscium; H. segnis; H. sputorum; H. somnus

　　[★]

n.

感染、伝染、感染症

関: contagion、infect、infectious disease、infestation、transmission、transmit

[Haemophilus-1] LPSN bacterio.net

[Bergeys-2] Holt JG (editor) (1994). Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (9th ed.). Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-683-00603-7.

[KuhnertChristensen-3] Kuhnert P; Christensen H (editors). (2008). Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular Aspects. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-34-9. [1].

[microbiology-4] Tortora(1), Funke(2), Case(3), Gerard J(1), Berdell R(2), Christine L(3) (2016). Microbiology: An Introduction (12th ed.). Boston: Pearson. p. 301. ISBN 978-0321929150. OCLC 892055958.

[Sherris-5] Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.

[Henry.27s-6] McPherson RA; Pincus MR (editors) (2011). Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods (22nd ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 1437709745.

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Haemophilus infection