出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2014/09/22 10:33:43」(JST)
Hh Hh | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ラテン文字 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Hは、ラテン文字(アルファベット)の8番目の文字。小文字は h。
2つの字形がある。
これらの呼称は
というような推移によるものと考えられている。
なお、英語名は、当初古いフランス語そのままにおおむね [aːtʃə] のごとく発音していたが、その後の規則的な変化(大母音遷移)により現在の音 [eɪtʃ] になっている。現在の英語では一般に単音節語の -aCe を [-eɪC] と発音する(ここで C は任意の子音とする)ものの、C にあたる位置に ch [tʃ] が立つ場合についてはほとんど例がないため、H [eɪtʃ] を ache と綴ることは通常行われない。ache という綴りは [eɪk] と発音する別の語彙に当てられている。
ギリシャ文字のΗ(エータ)に由来し、キリル文字のИとは共通の祖先を持つ文字である。現在のΗやИが母音字なのに対し、このHが/h/を表すのは、Ηの古い音韻(ヘータと呼ばれ、/h/を表した)に基づくものである。
大文字 | Unicode | JIS X 0213 | 文字参照 | 小文字 | Unicode | JIS X 0213 | 文字参照 | 備考 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H | U+0048 |
1-3-40 | H H |
h | U+0068 |
1-3-72 | h h |
半角 |
H | U+FF28 |
1-3-40 | H H |
h | U+FF48 |
1-3-72 | h h |
全角 |
Ⓗ | U+24BD |
‐ | Ⓗ Ⓗ |
ⓗ | U+24D7 |
1-12-38 | ⓗ ⓗ |
丸囲み |
🄗 | U+1F117 |
‐ | 🄗 🄗 |
⒣ | U+24A3 |
‐ | ⒣ ⒣ |
括弧付き |
ᴴ | U+1D34 |
‐ | ᴴ ᴴ |
ʰ | U+02B0 |
‐ | ʰ ʰ |
上付き文字 |
𝐇 | U+1D407 |
‐ | 𝐇 𝐇 |
𝐡 | U+1D421 |
‐ | 𝐡 𝐡 |
太字 |
𝐻 | U+1D43B |
‐ | 𝐻 𝐻 |
ℎ | U+210E |
‐ | ℎ ℎ |
イタリック体 |
𝑯 | U+1D46F |
‐ | 𝑯 𝑯 |
𝒉 | U+1D489 |
‐ | 𝒉 𝒉 |
イタリック体太字 |
ℋ | U+210B |
‐ | ℋ ℋ |
𝒽 | U+1D4BD |
‐ | 𝒽 𝒽 |
筆記体 |
𝓗 | U+1D4D7 |
‐ | 𝓗 𝓗 |
𝓱 | U+1D4F1 |
‐ | 𝓱 𝓱 |
筆記体太字 |
ℌ | U+210C |
‐ | ℌ ℌ |
𝔥 | U+1D525 |
‐ | 𝔥 𝔥 |
フラクトゥール |
ℍ | U+210D |
‐ | ℍ ℍ |
𝕙 | U+1D559 |
‐ | 𝕙 𝕙 |
黒板太字 |
𝕳 | U+1D573 |
‐ | 𝕳 𝕳 |
𝖍 | U+1D58D |
‐ | 𝖍 𝖍 |
フラクトゥール太字 |
𝖧 | U+1D5A7 |
‐ | 𝖧 𝖧 |
𝗁 | U+1D5C1 |
‐ | 𝗁 𝗁 |
サンセリフ |
𝗛 | U+1D5DB |
‐ | 𝗛 𝗛 |
𝗵 | U+1D5F5 |
‐ | 𝗵 𝗵 |
サンセリフ太字 |
𝘏 | U+1D60F |
‐ | 𝘏 𝘏 |
𝘩 | U+1D629 |
‐ | 𝘩 𝘩 |
サンセリフイタリック |
𝙃 | U+1D643 |
‐ | 𝙃 𝙃 |
𝙝 | U+1D65D |
‐ | 𝙝 𝙝 |
サンセリフイタリック太字 |
𝙷 | U+1D677 |
‐ | 𝙷 𝙷 |
𝚑 | U+1D691 |
‐ | 𝚑 𝚑 |
等幅フォント |
記号 | Unicode | JIS X 0213 | 文字参照 | 名称 |
---|---|---|---|---|
ₕ | U+2095 |
‐ | ₕ ₕ |
LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER H |
ʜ | U+029C |
‐ | ʜ ʜ |
LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL H |
🄷 | U+1F137 |
‐ | 🄷 🄷 |
SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H}} |
🅗 | U+1F157 |
‐ | 🅗 🅗 |
NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H |
🅷 | U+1F177 |
‐ | 🅷 🅷 |
NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H}} |
ウィクショナリーにh、Hの項目があります。 |
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Cursive script 'h' and capital 'H'
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H (named aitch /ˈeɪtʃ/, plural aitches[1]) is the eighth letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
Egyptian hieroglyph fence |
Old Semitic ħ |
Phoenician heth |
Greek heta |
Etruscan H |
Latin H |
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The Semitic letter 'ח' ('ê') most likely represented the voiceless pharyngeal fricative (ħ). The form of the letter probably stood for a fence or posts.
The Greek eta 'Η' in the Archaic period still represented /h/ (later on it came to represent a long vowel, /ɛː/). In this context the letter eta is also known as heta to underline this fact. Thus, in the Old Italic alphabets the letter heta of the Euboean alphabet was adopted with its original sound value /h/.
Etruscan and Latin had /h/ as a phoneme but almost all Romance languages lost the sound—Romanian later re-borrowed the /h/ phoneme from its neighbouring Slavic languages, and Spanish developed a secondary /h/ from /f/, before losing it again; various Spanish dialects have developed [h] as allophone of /s/ or /x/ in most Spanish-speaking countries, and various dialects of Portuguese use it as an allophone of /ʀ/. 'H' is also used in many spelling systems in digraphs and trigraphs, such as 'ch' which represents /tʃ/ in Spanish, Galician, Old Portuguese and English, /ʃ/ in French and modern Portuguese, /k/ in Italian, French and English, /x/ in German, Czech, Polish, Slovak, one native word of English and a few loanwords into English, and /ç/ in German.
In most dialects of English, the name for the letter is pronounced /ˈeɪtʃ/ and spelled 'aitch'[1] or occasionally 'eitch'. The pronunciation /ˈheɪtʃ/ and the associated spelling 'haitch' is often considered to be h-adding and hence nonstandard. It is, however, a feature of Hiberno-English[2] and other varieties of English, such as those of Malaysia, Newfoundland, and Singapore. In Northern Ireland it is a shibboleth as Protestant schools teach aitch and Catholics haitch.[3] In Australia, this has also been attributed to Catholic school teaching and is estimated to be in use by 60% of the population.[4]
The perceived name of the letter affects the choice of indefinite article before initialisms beginning with H: for example "an H-bomb" or "a H-bomb". The pronunciation /ˈheɪtʃ/ may be a hypercorrection formed by analogy with the names of the other letters of the alphabet, most of which include the sound they represent.[5]
The non-standard haitch pronunciation of h has spread in England, being used by approximately 24% of English people born since 1982[6] and polls continue to show this pronunciation becoming more common among younger native speakers. Despite this increasing number, pronunciation without the /h/ sound is still considered to be standard, although the non-standard pronunciation is also attested as a legitimate variant.[7]
Authorities disagree about the history of the letter's name. The Oxford English Dictionary says the original name of the letter was [ˈaha] in Latin; this became [ˈaka] in Vulgar Latin, passed into English via Old French [ˈatʃ], and by Middle English was pronounced [ˈaːtʃ]. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language derives it from French hache from Latin haca or hic. Anatoly Liberman suggests a conflation of two obsolete orderings of the alphabet, one with H immediately followed by K and the other without any K: reciting the former's ..., H, K, L,... as [...(h)a ka el ...] when reinterpreted for the latter ..., H, L,... would imply a pronunciation [(h)a ka] for H.[8]
In English, 'h' occurs as a single-letter grapheme (being either silent or representing /h/) and in various digraphs, such as 'ch' /tʃ/, /ʃ/, /k/, or /x/), 'gh' (silent, /ɡ/, /k/, /p/, or /f/), 'ph' (/f/), 'rh' (/r/), 'sh' (/ʃ/), 'th' (/θ/ or /ð/), 'wh' (/hw/[9]). The letter is silent in a syllable rime, as in ah, ohm, dahlia, cheetah, pooh-poohed, as well as in certain other words (mostly of French origin) such as hour, honest, herb (in American but not British English) and vehicle. Initial /h/ is often not pronounced in the weak form of some function words including had, has, have, he, her, him, his, and in some varieties of English (including most regional dialects of England and Wales) it is often omitted in all words (see h-dropping). It was formerly common for an rather than a to be used as the indefinite article before a word beginning with /h/ in an unstressed syllable, as in "an hotel", but use of a is now more usual (see English articles: Indefinite article).
In the German language, the name of the letter is pronounced /haː/. Following a vowel, it often silently indicates that the vowel is long: In the word erhöhen ('heighten'), only the first 'h' represents /h/. In 1901, a spelling reform eliminated the silent 'h' in nearly all instances of 'th' in native German words such as thun ('to do') or Thür ('door'). It has been left unchanged in words derived from Greek, such as Theater ('theater') and Thron ('throne'), which continue to be spelled with 'th' even after the last German spelling reform.
In Spanish and Portuguese, 'h' ("hache" in Spanish, agá in Portuguese, pronounced [aˈɣa] or [ɐˈɡa]) is a silent letter with no pronunciation, as in hijo [ˈixo] ('son') and húngaro [ˈũɡaɾu] ('Hungarian'). The spelling reflects an earlier pronunciation of the sound /h/. It is sometimes pronounced, with the value [h], in some regions of Andalusia, Extremadura, Canarias and the Americas in the beginning of some words as harina, hartar, herida or hacer. 'H' also appears in the digraph 'ch', which represents /tʃ/ in Spanish and hinterland northern Portugal, and /ʃ/ in oral traditions that merged both sounds (the latter originarily represented by 'x' instead) e.g. in most of the Portuguese language and some Spanish-speaking places, prominently Chile, as well as 'nh' /ɲ/ and 'lh' /ʎ/ in Portuguese, whose spelling is inherited from Occitan.
In French, the name of the letter is pronounced /aʃ/. The French orthography classifies words that begin with this letter in two ways, one of which can affect the pronunciation, even though it is a silent letter either way. The h muet, or "mute h", is considered as though the letter were not there at all, so for example the singular definite article le or la, which is elided to l' before a vowel, elides before an h muet followed by a vowel. For example, le + hébergement becomes l'hébergement ('the accommodation'). The other kind of 'h' is called h aspiré ("aspirated h", though it is not normally aspirated phonetically), and does not allow elision or liaison. For example in le homard ('the lobster') the article le remains unelided, and may be separated from the noun with a bit of a glottal stop. Most words that begin with an h muet come from Latin (honneur, homme) or from Greek through Latin (hécatombe), whereas most words beginning with an h aspiré come from Germanic (harpe, hareng) or non-Indo-European languages (harem, hamac, haricot); in some cases, an orthographic 'h' was added to disambiguate the [v] and semivowel [ɥ] pronunciations before the introduction of the distinction between the letters 'v' and 'u': huit (from uit, ultimately from Latin octo), huître (from uistre, ultimately from Greek through Latin ostrea).
In Italian, 'h' has no phonological value. Its most important uses are to differentiate the spellings of certain short words that are homophones, for example some present tense forms of the verb avere ('to have') (such as hanno, 'they have', vs. anno, 'year'), in short interjections (oh, ehi), and in the digraphs 'ch' /k/ and 'gh' /ɡ/.
Some languages, including Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, and Finnish, use 'h' as a breathy voiced glottal fricative [ɦ], often as an allophone of otherwise voiceless /h/ in a voiced environment.
In Ukrainian and Belarusian, when written in the Latin alphabet, 'h' is also commonly used for /ɦ/, normally written with the Cyrillic letter 'г'.
In Irish, h is not considered an independent letter, except for a very few non-native words, however 'h' placed after a consonant is known as a "séimhiú" and indicates lenition of that consonant; 'h' began to replace the original form of a séimhiú, a dot placed above the consonant, after the introduction of typewriters.
In most dialects of Polish, both 'h' and the digraph 'ch' always represent /x/.
The Russian language has no /h/ sound and there is no letter to represent this sound in the Russian (Cyrillic) alphabet.[10] In transliterations the letter 'x' (pronounced as /x/) is used, as in Хэмпшир for "Hampshire", although in some longer established names 'г' (pronounced /ɡ/) is for 'h', as in Генрих for "Henry".
H is the symbol for the henry, the SI derived unit of inductance.
The chemical symbol of Hydrogen is H.
The Heaviside step function is usually denoted by H.
The symbol of the Higgs boson is H0.
The Planck constant is denoted by h.
The h-index is used to measure the impact of scientists.[11]
As a phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet, variations of the letter are used to represent two sounds. The lowercase form, [h], represents the voiceless glottal fricative, and the small capital form, [ʜ], represents the voiceless epiglottal fricative. A superscript [ʰ] is used to represent aspiration.
Character | H | h | ||
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Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H | LATIN SMALL LETTER H | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 72 | U+0048 | 104 | U+0068 |
UTF-8 | 72 | 48 | 104 | 68 |
Numeric character reference | H | H | h | h |
EBCDIC family | 200 | C8 | 136 | 88 |
ASCII 1 | 72 | 48 | 104 | 68 |
1 and all encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
NATO phonetic | Morse code |
Hotel | ···· |
Signal flag | Flag semaphore | Braille dots-125 |
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リンク元 | 「アミノ酸」「食道」「ヒスチジン」「H1」「His」 |
拡張検索 | 「PTH法」「SAPHO症候群」「Hutchinson melanotic whitlow」 |
分類 | 極性 | 電荷 | 名前 | 1 | 3 | 糖原性 | ケトン原性 | 必須アミノ酸 | 分枝アミノ酸 | pK1 α-COOH |
pK2 α-NH2 |
pKR 側鎖 |
側鎖 | |
疎水性アミノ酸 | 無 | 無 | グリシン | G | Gly | 2.35 | 9.78 | ―H | ||||||
無 | 無 | アラニン | A | Ala | 2.35 | 9.87 | ―CH3 | |||||||
無 | 無 | バリン | V | Val | ○ | ○ | 2.29 | 9.74 | ―CH(CH3)2 | |||||
無 | 無 | フェニルアラニン | F | Phe | ○ | ○ | ○3 | 2.2 | 9.31 | ―○C6H5 | ||||
無 | 無 | プロリン | P | Pro | 1.95 | 10.64 | αCとNH2の間に ―CH2CH2CH2- | |||||||
無 | 無 | メチオニン | M | Met | ○2 | 2.13 | 9.28 | ―CH2CH2-S-CH3 | ||||||
無 | 無 | イソロイシン | I | Ile | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | 2.32 | 9.76 | ―CH(CH3)CH2CH3 | |||
無 | 無 | ロイシン | L | Leu | ○ | ○ | ○ | 2.33 | 9.74 | ―CH2CH(CH3)2 | ||||
荷電アミノ酸 | 有 | 酸性 | アスパラギン酸 | D | Asp | 1.99 | 9.9 | 3.9 β-COOH |
―CH2COOH | |||||
有 | 酸性 | グルタミン酸 | E | Glu | 2.1 | 9.47 | 4.07 γ-COOH |
―CH2CH2COOH | ||||||
有 | 塩基性 | リシン | K | Lys | ○ | ○ | 2.16 | 9.06 | 10.54 ε-NH2 |
側鎖のCH2は4つ ―-CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 | ||||
有 | 塩基性 | アルギニン | R | Arg | ○1 | 1.82 | 8.99 | 12.48 グアニジウム基 |
側鎖のCH2は3つ ―CH2CH2CH2-NH-C-(NH2)NH | |||||
極性アミノ酸 | 有 | 無 | セリン | S | Ser | 2.19 | 9.21 | ―CH2OH | ||||||
有 | 無 | スレオニン | T | Thr | ○ | ○ | ○ | 2.09 | 9.1 | ―CH(CH3)OH | ||||
有 | 無 | チロシン | Y | Tyh | ○ | ○ | 2.2 | 9.21 | 10.46 フェノール |
―CH2-φ | ||||
有 | 塩基性 | ヒスチジン | H | His | ○ | 1.8 | 9.33 | 6.04 イミダゾール基 |
―CH2-C3H3N2 | |||||
有 | 無 | システイン | C | Cys | 1.92 | 10.7 | 8.37 -SH基 |
―CH2-SH | ||||||
有 | 無 | アスパラギン | N | Asn | 2.14 | 8.72 | ―CH2-CO-NH2 | |||||||
有 | 無 | グルタミン | Q | Gln | 2.17 | 9.13 | ―CH2-CH2-CO-NH2 | |||||||
無 | 無 | トリプトファン | W | Trp | ○ | ○ | ○ | 2.46 | 9.41 | ―Indol ring | ||||
1 人体で合成できるが、不十分。 | ||||||||||||||
2 Cysが足らなければ、Metから合成することになる。 |
名称 | 基となるアミノ酸 | ||
修飾されたアミノ酸 | シスチン | システイン | システイン2分子が酸化されて生成する。 |
ヒドロキシプロリン | プロリン | ゼラチン、コラーゲンに含まれる。 | |
ヒドロキシリジン | リジン | ||
チロキシン | チロシン | 甲状腺タンパク質に含まれる。 | |
O-ホスホセリン | カゼインなど、多くのリンタンパク質に含まれる。 | ||
デスモシン | |||
蛋白質の構成要素ではない | オルニチン | アルギニン | ミトコンドリア中でカルバモイルリン酸と反応 |
シトルリン | オルニチン、カルバモイルリン酸 | ||
クレアチン | アルギニン、グリシン | ||
γアミノ酪酸 | アルギニン |
準必須 | ア | アルギニン |
必須 | メ | メチオニン |
フ | フェニルアラニン | |
リ | リジン | |
バ | valine | |
ス | スレオニン | |
ト | トリプトファン | |
ロ | ロイシン | |
イ | イソロイシン | |
準必須 | ヒ | ヒスチジン |
O:食道入口部 esophageal orifice | |||
Ce: 頚部食道 cervical esophagus | |||
S: 胸骨上縁 margin of the sternum | |||
Te: 胸部食道 thoracic esophagus | Ut: 胸部上部食道 upper thoracic esophagus | ||
Mt: 胸部中部食道 middle thoracic esophagus | ↑ | B: 気管分岐部下縁 tracheal bifurcation | |
↓ | |||
Lt: 胸部下部食道 lower thoracic esophagus | ↑ | ||
D: 横隔膜 diaphragm | |||
H: 食道裂孔 esophageal hiatus | |||
Ae: 腹部食道 abdominal esophagus | ↓ | ||
EGJ: 食道胃接合部 esophagogastric junction |
部位 | 名称 | 筋肉 | 神経 | 運動性 | シナプスする構造 | 最終的な伝達物質 | 運動 | |
上部1/3 | 上食道括約部 | UES | 横紋筋 | 舌咽神経、迷走神経(疑核) | 随意性 | 運動終板のアセチルコリン受容体 | アセチルコリン | 弛緩 |
平滑筋 | 迷走神経 | 不随意性 | 壁内コリン作動性運動神経 | |||||
下端部 | 下食道括約部 | LES | 平滑筋 | 迷走神経 | 不随意性 | 壁内非アドレナリン作動性抑制運動神経 | NO, VIP | 弛緩 |
交感神経 | 平滑筋α受容体 | アドレナリン | 収縮 |
層構造 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |||||||||
器官 | 単層扁平上皮 | 単層立方上皮 | 単層円柱上皮 | 角化重層扁平上皮 | 非角化重層扁平上皮 | 上皮表層の構成細胞 | 粘膜固有層 | 腺の構成細胞 | 粘膜筋板 | 粘膜下組織 (大抵、粗結合組織) |
筋層 | 漿膜(結合組織+単層扁平上皮) 外膜(結合組織のみ) | |||
食道 | ○ | 食道噴門腺 (咽頭付近と胃付近に局在)、粘液腺 |
粘液細胞 (スムーズに食べ物を流す) |
縱層 (縦走筋のみ) |
固有食道腺(粘液腺、管状胞状、ペプシノーゲン、リゾチーム) | 内輪筋層 外縱筋層 (食道上1/3:骨格筋、食道中1/3:骨格筋、平滑筋、食道下1/3:平滑筋) |
外膜(横隔膜まで) 漿膜 |
-CH2-C3H3N2
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