WordNet
- seventh month of the Revolutionary calendar (March and April); the month of buds
- containing seeds of later development; "seminal ideas of one discipline can influence the growth of another" (同)originative, seminal
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 芽の,胚(はい)種の / (発達の)初期段階の;原始の
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2012/12/07 18:49:51」(JST)
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Germinal can refer to:
- Germinal (French Republican Calendar), the seventh month of the calendar, approximately March 21 - April 19
Émile Zola
- Germinal (novel), an 1885 novel by Émile Zola
- Germinal (1913 film), a French silent film based on the Zola novel directed by Albert Capellani
- Germinal (1963 film), a French film based on the Zola novel directed by Yves Allégret
- Germinal (1993 film), a film based on the Zola novel directed by Claude Berri
Medicine
- Germinal epithelium (disambiguation), either:
- Germinal epithelium (male), a layer of cells covering the testicle
- Germinal epithelium (female), a layer of cells covering the ovary
- Germinal center, area of lymph tissue rich with B cells
See also: Germ layer
Other uses
- Germinal (journal), a Jewish anarchist journal from London
- Germinal (F735), a ship of the French Marine Nationale
- K.F.C. Germinal Beerschot, a Belgian football club
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Activation of B cells by a dendritic cell-targeted oral vaccine.
- Sahay B, Owen JL, Yang T, Zadeh M, Lightfoot YL, Ge JW, Mohamadzadeh M1.Author information 1Department of Infectious Diseases & Pathology, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW16th Ave, Building 1017, Room: V3-149, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA. m.zadeh@ufl.edu.AbstractProduction of long-lived, high affinity humoral immunity is an essential characteristic of successful vaccination and requires cognate interactions between T and B cells in germinal centers. Within germinal centers, specialized T follicular helper cells assist B cells and regulate the antibody response by mediating the differentiation of B cells into memory or plasma cells after exposure to T cell-dependent antigens. It is now appreciated that local immune responses are also essential for protection against infectious diseases that gain entry to the host by the mucosal route; therefore, targeting the mucosal compartments is the optimum strategy to induce protective immunity. However, because the gastrointestinal mucosae are exposed to large amounts of environmental and dietary antigens on a daily basis, immune regulatory mechanisms exist to favor tolerance and discourage autoimmunity at these sites. Thus, mucosal vaccination strategies must ensure that the immunogen is efficiently taken up by the antigen presenting cells, and that the vaccine is capable of activating humoral and cellular immunity, while avoiding the induction of tolerance. Despite significant progress in mucosal vaccination, this potent platform for immunotherapy and disease prevention must be further explored and refined. Here we discuss recent progress in the understanding of the role of different phenotypes of B cells in the development of an efficacious mucosal vaccine against infectious disease.
- Current pharmaceutical biotechnology.Curr Pharm Biotechnol.2014 Nov;14(10):867-77.
- Production of long-lived, high affinity humoral immunity is an essential characteristic of successful vaccination and requires cognate interactions between T and B cells in germinal centers. Within germinal centers, specialized T follicular helper cells assist B cells and regulate the antibody respo
- PMID 24372255
- Inducible costimulator facilitates T-dependent B cell activation by augmenting IL-4 translation.
- Gigoux M1, Lovato A1, Leconte J2, Leung J1, Sonenberg N3, Suh WK4.Author information 1Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.2Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.3Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.4Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada. Electronic address: woong-kyung.suh@ircm.qc.ca.AbstractThe inducible costimulator (ICOS) is highly expressed in follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, a subset of CD4 T cells that migrate into the B cell zone and facilitate germinal center reactions. Although ICOS is known to play a critical role in forming the Tfh cell population during immune responses, its contribution to the effector functions of Tfh cells remains unclear. Using activated mouse splenic CD4 T cells we demonstrate that ICOS assists TCR-mediated signal transduction by potentiating the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling cascade that leads to hyper-phosphorylation of p70S6K and 4E-BP1, events that are known to augment cap-dependent mRNA translation. Consequently, ICOS costimulation promotes the formation of polysomes on IL-4 mRNA in a PI3K-dependent manner. Furthermore, we show that the supply of IL-4 becomes a limiting factor for T-dependent B cell activation during in vitro co-culture when the ICOS-PI3K signaling axis is disrupted in T cells. This ICOS costimulation-dependent translational control may ensure targeted delivery of IL-4 to cognate B cells during T-B collaborations in the germinal center.
- Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2014 May;59(1):46-54. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.01.008. Epub 2014 Jan 31.
- The inducible costimulator (ICOS) is highly expressed in follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, a subset of CD4 T cells that migrate into the B cell zone and facilitate germinal center reactions. Although ICOS is known to play a critical role in forming the Tfh cell population during immune responses, its
- PMID 24486724
- p53 Expression Is a Strong Marker of Inferior Survival in De Novo Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma and May Have Enhanced Negative Effect With MYC Coexpression: A Single Institutional Clinicopathologic Study.
- Xie Y1, Bulbul MA, Ji L, Inouye CM, Groshen SG, Tulpule A, O'Malley DP, Wang E, Siddiqi IN.Author information 1Dept of Pathology, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Ave, NOR 2424E, Los Angeles, CA 90033; isiddiqi@usc.edu.AbstractObjectives: To examine interactions among clinical factors and pathologic biomarkers in predicting the outcome of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treated with rituximab-based immunochemotherapy. Methods: In 85 patients treated at a single institution, clinicopathologic variables were analyzed, including the International Prognostic Index (IPI); germinal/nongerminal center phenotype; MYC, p53, BCL2, Ki-67, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) expression; and MYC translocation status. Results: In univariate analysis, overall survival (OS) was worse for patients with high IPI scores, nongerminal center phenotype, high MYC and p53 expression by immunohistochemistry, and EBV positivity. In multivariable analysis, p53 expression was the strongest prognostic factor (P < .05) independent of IPI and cell of origin. A significant positive association between p53 and MYC expression was found. Moreover, coexpression of p53/MYC had an enhanced negative effect on OS independent of BCL2 expression. Conclusions: Immunohistochemical assessment of p53, particularly in combination with MYC, could be useful in identifying a high-risk subgroup of DLBCL.
- American journal of clinical pathology.Am J Clin Pathol.2014 Apr;141(4):593-604. doi: 10.1309/AJCPPHMZ6VHF0WQV.
- Objectives: To examine interactions among clinical factors and pathologic biomarkers in predicting the outcome of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treated with rituximab-based immunochemotherapy. Methods: In 85 patients treated at a single institution, clinicopathologic variables
- PMID 24619762
Japanese Journal
- Increased serum IgA in Fcα/μR-deficient mice on the (129 x C57BL/6) F1 genetic background
- Kurita Naoki,Honda Shin-ichiro,Shibuya Akira
- Molecular immunology 63(2), 367-372, 2015-02
- … Moreover, Fcα/μR-deficient mice showed enhanced germinal center formation against commensal microbiota in PP. …
- NAID 120005531030
- MGUSと多発性骨髄腫の分子細胞学的発症機序 (特集 検査でわかる! M蛋白血症と多発性骨髄腫)
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