関: グルコース輸送体

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/11 00:52:13」(JST)

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Glucose transporter 1 (or GLUT1), also known as solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 (SLC2A1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC2A1 gene.^[1] GLUT1 facilitates the transport of glucose across the plasma membranes of mammalian cells.^[2]

Discovery[edit]

GLUT1 was the first glucose transporter to be characterized. GLUT 1 is highly conserved.^[1] GLUT 1 of humans and mouse has 98 % homology. GLUT 1 has 40% homology with other GLUTs.

Function[edit]

Energy-yielding metabolism in erythrocytes depends on a constant supply of glucose from the blood plasma, where the glucose concentration is maintained at about 5mM. Glucose enters the erythrocyte by facilitated diffusion via a specific glucose transporter, at a rate about 50,000 times greater than uncatalyzed transmembrane diffusion. The glucose transporter of erythrocytes (called GLUT1 to distinguish it from related glucose transporters in other tissues) is a type III integral protein with 12 hydrophobic segments, each of which is believed to form a membrane-spanning helix. The detailed structure of GLUT1 is not known yet, but one plausible model suggests that the side-by-side assembly of several helices produces a transmembrane channel lined with hydrophilic residues that can hydrogen-bond with glucose as it moves through the channel.^[3]

GLUT1 is responsible for the low-level of basal glucose uptake required to sustain respiration in all cells. Expression levels of GLUT1 in cell membranes are increased by reduced glucose levels and decreased by increased glucose levels.

GLUT1 is also a major receptor for uptake of Vitamin C as well as glucose, especially in non vitamin C producing mammals as part of an adaptation to compensate by participating in a Vitamin C recycling process. In mammals that do produce Vitamin C, GLUT4 is often expressed instead of GLUT1.^[4]

Tissue distribution[edit]

It is widely distributed in fetal tissues. In the adult it is expressed at highest levels in erythrocytes and also in the endothelial cells of barrier tissues such as the blood–brain barrier.

Structure[edit]

GLUT1 behaves as a Michaelis-Menten enzyme and contains 12 membrane-spanning alpha helices, each containing 20 amino acid residues. A helical wheel analysis shows that the membrane spanning alpha helices are amphipathic, with one side being polar and the other side hydrophobic. Six of these membrane spanning helices are believed to bind together in the membrane to create a polar channel in the center through which glucose can traverse, with the hydrophobic regions on the outside of the channel adjacent to the fatty acid tails of the membrane.

Clinical significance[edit]

Mutations in the GLUT1 gene are responsible for GLUT1 deficiency or De Vivo disease, which is a rare autosomal dominant disorder.^[5] This disease is characterized by a low cerebrospinal fluid glucose concentration (hypoglycorrhachia), a type of neuroglycopenia, which results from impaired glucose transport across the blood–brain barrier.

GLUT1 is also a receptor used by the HTLV virus to gain entry into target cells.^[6]

Glut1 has also been demonstrated as a powerful histochemical marker for haemangioma of infancy^[7]

Interactions[edit]

GLUT1 has been shown to interact with GIPC1.^[8]

GLUT1 has two significant types in brain 45k and 55k. GLUT1 45k is present on astroglia of neurons and GLUT1 55k is present on capillaries in brain and is responsible for glucose transport across blood brain barrier and its deficiency causes low level of glucose in CSF(less than 60 mg/dl) which may manifest as convulsion in deficient individuals.

Inhibitors[edit]

Fasentin is a small molecule inhibitor of the intracellular domain of GLUT1 preventing glucose uptake.

Interactive pathway map[edit]

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. ^{[§ 1]}

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Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis edit

^ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "GlycolysisGluconeogenesis_WP534".

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b Mueckler M, Caruso C, Baldwin SA, Panico M, Blench I, Morris HR, Allard WJ, Lienhard GE, Lodish HF (September 1985). "Sequence and structure of a human glucose transporter". Science 229 (4717): 941–5. doi:10.1126/science.3839598. PMID 3839598.
^ Olson AL, Pessin JE (1996). "Structure, function, and regulation of the mammalian facilitative glucose transporter gene family". Annu. Rev. Nutr. 16: 235–56. doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.001315. PMID 8839927.
^ Nelson DL, Cox MM (2008). Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry. W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 978-0-7167-7108-1.
^ Montel-hagen A, Kinet S, Manel N et al. (2008). "Erythrocyte Glut1 Triggers Dehydroascorbic Acid Uptake in Mammals Unable to Synthesize Vitamin C". Cell 132 (6): 1039–1048. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.042. PMID 18358815. Lay summary – ScienceDaily (2008-03-21).
^ Seidner G, Alvarez MG, Yeh JI, et al. (1998). "GLUT-1 deficiency syndrome caused by haploinsufficiency of the blood–brain barrier hexose carrier". Nat. Genet. 18 (2): 188–91. doi:10.1038/ng0298-188. PMID 9462754.
^ Manel N, Kim FJ, Kinet S, Taylor N, Sitbon M, Battini JL (November 2003). "The ubiquitous glucose transporter GLUT-1 is a receptor for HTLV". Cell 115 (4): 449–59. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00881-X. PMID 14622599.
^ North PE, Waner M, Mizeracki A, Mihm MC (January 2000). "GLUT1: a newly discovered immunohistochemical marker for juvenile hemangiomas". Hum. Pathol. 31 (1): 11–22. doi:10.1016/S0046-8177(00)80192-6. PMID 10665907.
^ Bunn RC, Jensen MA, Reed BC (April 1999). "Protein interactions with the glucose transporter binding protein GLUT1CBP that provide a link between GLUT1 and the cytoskeleton". Mol. Biol. Cell 10 (4): 819–32. PMC 25204. PMID 10198040.

External links[edit]

GeneReviews/NIH/UW entry on Glucose Transporter Type 1 Deficiency Syndrome
Glucose Transporter Type 1 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 幼児および小児における痙攣発作の臨床検査診断 clinical and laboratory diagnosis of seizures in infants and children
2. ケトン食 the ketogenic diet
3. ジストニアの分類および評価 classification and evaluation of dystonia
4. 小児期欠神てんかん childhood absence epilepsy
5. グリコーゲン代謝のその他の障害：GLUT2欠損症およびアルドラーゼA欠損症 other disorders of glycogen metabolism glut2 deficiency and aldolase a deficiency

English Journal

In Vitro Infection of Trypanosoma cruzi Causes Decrease in Glucose Transporter Protein-1 (GLUT1) Expression in Explants of Human Placental Villi Cultured under Normal and High Glucose Concentrations.

Mezzano L, Repossi G, Fretes RE, Lin S, Sartori MJ, de Fabro SG.SourceCátedra de Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Instituto de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina.
Journal of tropical medicine.J Trop Med.2012;2012:969243. Epub 2011 Sep 15.
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic Chagas' disease agent, induces changes in protein pattern of the human placenta syncytiotrophoblast. The glucose transporter protein-1 (GLUT1) is the primary isoform involved in transplacental glucose transport. We carried out in vitro assays to determine if T. cruzi
PMID 21941569

Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome with carbohydrate-responsive symptoms but without epilepsy.

Koy A, Assmann B, Klepper J, Mayatepek E.SourceDepartment of General Paediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Düsseldorf. Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Aschaffenburg, Germany.
Developmental medicine and child neurology.Dev Med Child Neurol.2011 Dec;53(12):1154-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04082.x. Epub 2011 Aug 12.
Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1-DS) is caused by a defect in glucose transport across the blood-brain barrier. The main symptoms are epilepsy, developmental delay, movement disorders, and deceleration of head circumference. A ketogenic diet has been shown to be effective in con
PMID 21838819

Japanese Journal

Inducible astrocytic glucose transporter-3 contributes to the enhanced storage of intracellular glycogen during reperfusion after ischemia

Iwabuchi Sadahiro,Kawahara Koichi
Neurochemistry International 59(2), 319-325, 2011-08
… Under physiological conditions, cultured astrocytes primarily expressed GLUT1, and GLUT3 was only detected at extremely low levels. … However, exposure to ischemic stress increased the expression of not only GLUT1 but also GLUT3. …
NAID 120003340662

Prepartum Maternal Plasma Glucose Concentrations and Placental Glucose Transporter mRNA Expression in Cows Carrying Somatic Cell Clone Fetuses

HIRAYAMA Hiroki,SAWAI Ken,HIRAYAMA Muneyuki,HIRAI Tomokazu,KAGEYAMA Soichi,ONOE Sadao,MINAMIHASHI Akira,MORIYASU Satoru
The Journal of reproduction and development 57(1), 57-61, 2011-02-01
… In the caruncles, the Clone and PG groups showed significantly higher GLUT1 and GLUT3 mRNA levels than the SP group, and the GLUT3 mRNA level was significantly higher in the Clone group than in the DEX group. …
NAID 10027901088

Related Pictures

GLUT1 on emaze What is Glut1 Deficiency? - Glut1 Deficiency Foundation Glut1.RBD | Glut1（グルコーストランスポーター）の検出・定量化に The glucose transport bottleneck – This is what you need to know about SLC2A1 in Glucose transporter-1(GLUT-1) – Biochemistry for Medics – Clinical Cases Glut1 Antibody (SPM498) (NBP1-35926): Novus Biologicals Cell membrane and transport Glut1-protein

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「グルコース輸送体」「glucose transporter 1」「1型グルコース輸送体」「グルコーストランスポーター1」
拡張検索	「VGLUT1」
関連記事	「GLUT」

「グルコース輸送体」

Solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1SUK
Identifiers
Symbols	SLC2A1; DYT17; DYT18; DYT9; EIG12; GLUT; GLUT1; GLUT1DS; HTLVR; PED
External IDs	OMIM: 138140 MGI: 95755 HomoloGene: 68520 ChEMBL: 2535 GeneCards: SLC2A1 Gene
Gene Ontology
Molecular function	• glucose transmembrane transporter activity; • kinase binding; • dehydroascorbic acid transporter activity; • identical protein binding; • xenobiotic transporter activity; • D-glucose transmembrane transporter activity;
Cellular component	• female pronucleus; • plasma membrane; • caveola; • cell-cell junction; • membrane; • integral to membrane; • basolateral plasma membrane; • midbody; • melanosome;
Biological process	• carbohydrate metabolic process; • energy reserve metabolic process; • vitamin metabolic process; • water-soluble vitamin metabolic process; • response to osmotic stress; • hexose transport; • glucose transport; • L-ascorbic acid metabolic process; • cellular response to glucose starvation; • small molecule metabolic process; • regulation of insulin secretion; • transmembrane transport;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
	More reference expression data
Orthologs
	This box: view; talk; edit;

　　[★]

英: glucose transporter, GLUT, glucose transporters
同: ブドウ糖輸送担体、糖輸送体糖輸送担体 sugar transporter

グルコースの促通拡散を担う

GLUTの種類

GLUT	発現部位	機能
GLUT1	赤血球、脳、筋肉、脂肪、その他。×肝臓
GLUT2	肝臓、脾臓β細胞	K_M≒60mM、hexokinase IV(glucokinase)(50kDa)
GLUT3	脳、神経	グルコース需要が多い場所で発現
GLUT4	筋と脂肪組織のみ	インスリン→V_max↑。K_M=2-5mM、hexokinase II(100kDa)
GLUT5	小腸上皮管腔側	フルクトースの受動輸送
GLUT7	肝臓小胞体	G6Pの脱リン酸化に関与(FB. 453)