| Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
Eleanor Roosevelt with the Spanish version of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
|
| Created |
1948 |
| Ratified |
16 December 1949 |
| Location |
Palais de Chaillot, Paris |
| Author(s) |
Draft Committee[Notes 1] |
| Purpose |
Human rights |
| Rights |
| Theoretical distinctions |
- Claim rights and liberty rights
- Individual and group rights
- Natural and legal rights
- Negative and positive rights
|
| Human rights |
- Civil and political
- Economic, social and cultural
- Three generations
|
| Rights by claimant |
- Animals
- Authors
- Children
- Consumers
- Creditors
- Fathers
- Fetuses
- Humans
- Natives
- Kings
- LGBT
- Men
- Minorities
- Mothers
- Plants
- Prisoners
- Students
- Victims
- Women
- Workers
- Youth
- Disabled persons
|
| Other groups of rights |
- Civil liberties
- Digital
- Linguistic
- Property
- Reproductive
|
|
|
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948 at the Palais de Chaillot, Paris. The Declaration arose directly from the experience of the Second World War and represents the first global expression of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled. The full text is published by the United Nations on its website.[1]
The Declaration consists of thirty articles which have been elaborated in subsequent international treaties, regional human rights instruments, national constitutions, and other laws. The International Bill of Human Rights consists of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its two Optional Protocols. In 1966, the General Assembly adopted the two detailed Covenants, which complete the International Bill of Human Rights. In 1976, after the Covenants had been ratified by a sufficient number of individual nations, the Bill took on the force of international law.[2]
Contents
- 1 History
- 1.1 Precursors
- 1.2 Creation and drafting
- 1.3 Adoption
- 2 Structure
- 3 International Human Rights Day
- 4 Significance and legal effect
- 4.1 Significance
- 4.2 Legal effect
- 5 Reaction
- 5.1 Praise
- 5.2 Criticism
- 5.2.1 Islamic countries
- 5.2.2 "The Right to Refuse to Kill"
- 5.3 Bangkok Declaration
- 6 Organizations promoting the UDHR
- 6.1 International Federation for Human Rights
- 6.2 Amnesty International
- 6.3 Unitarian Universalist Service Committee
- 6.4 Quaker United Nations Office and American Friends Service Committee
- 6.5 American Library Association
- 7 See also
- 7.1 Human rights
- 7.2 Non-binding agreements
- 7.3 International human rights law
- 7.4 Other
- 8 Notes and references
- 9 References
- 9.1 Sources
- 9.2 Further reading
- 10 External links
- 10.1 Audiovisual materials
History
Precursors
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State of the Union (Four Freedoms) (6 January 1941)
Franklin Delano Roosevelt's 6 January 1941 State of the Union address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms (starting at 32:02)
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| Problems playing this file? See media help. |
Main article: History of human rights
During World War II, the Allies adopted the Four Freedoms—freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from fear, and freedom from want—as their basic war aims. The United Nations Charter "reaffirmed faith in fundamental human rights, and dignity and worth of the human person" and committed all member states to promote "universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion".[3]
When the atrocities committed by Nazi Germany became apparent after the war, the consensus within the world community was that the United Nations Charter did not sufficiently define the rights to which it referred.[4][5] A universal declaration that specified the rights of individuals was necessary to give effect to the Charter's provisions on human rights.[6]
Creation and drafting
Main article: Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The Declaration was commissioned in 1946 and was drafted over two years by the Commission on Human Rights. The Commission consisted of 18 members from various nationalities and political backgrounds. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Drafting Committee was chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt, who was known for her human rights advocacy.
Canadian John Peters Humphrey was called upon by the United Nations Secretary-General to work on the project and became the Declaration's principal drafter.[7] At the time, Humphrey was newly appointed as Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat.[8] The Commission on Human Rights, a standing body of the United Nations, was constituted to undertake the work of preparing what was initially conceived as an International Bill of Rights.[9] The membership of the Commission was designed to be broadly representative of the global community, served by representatives from the following countries: Australia, Belgium, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Chile, Republic of China, Egypt, France, India, Iran, Lebanon, Panama, Philippines, United Kingdom, United States, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Uruguay, and Yugoslavia.[9] Well-known members of the Commission included Eleanor Roosevelt of the United States (who was the Chairperson), René Cassin of France, Charles Malik of Lebanon, P. C. Chang of the Republic of China,[10] and Hansa Mehta of India.[11] Humphrey provided the initial draft which became the working text of the Commission.
The draft was further discussed by the Commission on human rights, the Economic and Social Council, the Third Committee of the General Assembly before being put to vote. During these discussions many amendments and propositions were made by UN Member States.[12]
According to Allan Carlson in Globalizing Family Values, the Declaration's pro-family phrases were the result of the Christian Democratic movement's influence on Cassin and Malik.[13]
Adoption
On 10 December 1948, the Universal Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly by a vote of 48 in favor, none against, and eight abstentions (the Soviet Union, Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, People's Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, People's Republic of Poland, Union of South Africa, Czechoslovakia, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia).[14][15] Honduras and Yemen—both members of UN at the time—failed to vote or abstain.[16] South Africa's position can be seen as an attempt to protect its system of apartheid, which clearly violated any number of articles in the Declaration.[14] The Saudi Arabian delegation's abstention was prompted primarily by two of the Declaration's articles: Article 18, which states that everyone has the right "to change his religion or belief"; and Article 16, on equal marriage rights.[14] The six communist nations abstentions centered around the view that the Declaration did not go far enough in condemning fascism and Nazism.[17] Eleanor Roosevelt attributed the abstention of the Soviet bloc nations to Article 13, which provided the right of citizens to leave their countries.[18]
The following countries voted in favor of the Declaration:[19]
- Afghanistan
- Argentina
- Australia
- Belgium
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Burma
- Canada
- Chile
- China
- Colombia
- Costa Rica
- Cuba
- Denmark
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- Egypt
- El Salvador
- Ethiopia
- France
- Greece
- Guatemala
- Haiti
- Iceland
- India
- Iran
- Iraq
- Lebanon
- Liberia
- Luxembourg
- Mexico
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Nicaragua
- Norway
- Pakistan
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Philippines
- Siam
- Sweden
- Syria
- Turkey
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Uruguay
- Venezuela
Despite the central role played by the Canadian John Peters Humphrey, the Canadian Government at first abstained from voting on the Declaration's draft, but later voted in favor of the final draft in the General Assembly.[20]
Structure
The underlying structure of the Universal Declaration was introduced in its second draft, which was prepared by René Cassin. Cassin worked from a first draft, which was prepared by John Peters Humphrey. The structure was influenced by the Code Napoléon, including a preamble and introductory general principles.[21]
Cassin compared the Declaration to the portico of a Greek temple, with a foundation, steps, four columns, and a pediment. Articles 1 and 2 are the foundation blocks, with their principles of dignity, liberty, equality, and brotherhood. The seven paragraphs of the preamble—setting out the reasons for the Declaration—represent the steps. The main body of the Declaration forms the four columns. The first column (articles 3–11) constitutes rights of the individual such as the right to life and the prohibition of slavery. Articles 6 through 11 refer to the fundamental legality of human rights with specific remedies cited for their defense when violated. The second column (articles 12–17) constitutes the rights of the individual in civil and political society (including such things as Freedom of movement). The third column (articles 18–21) is concerned with spiritual, public, and political freedoms such as freedom of association, thought, conscience, and religion. The fourth column (articles 22–27) sets out social, economic, and cultural rights. In Cassin's model, the last three articles of the Declaration provide the pediment which binds the structure together. These articles are concerned with the duty of the individual to society and the prohibition of use of rights in contravention of the purposes of the United Nations Organisation.[22]
International Human Rights Day
Main article: Human Rights Day
The adoption of the Universal Declaration is a significant international commemoration marked each year on 10 December, and is known as Human Rights Day or International Human Rights Day. The commemoration is observed by individuals, community and religious groups, human rights organizations, parliaments, governments, and the United Nations. Decadal commemorations are often accompanied by campaigns to promote awareness of the Declaration and human rights. 2008 marked the 60th anniversary of the Declaration, and was accompanied by year-long activities around the theme "Dignity and justice for all of us".[23]
Significance and legal effect
Significance
The Guinness Book of Records describes the Declaration as the world's "Most Translated Document".[24] In its preamble, governments commit themselves and their people to progressive measures which secure the universal and effective recognition and observance of the human rights set out in the Declaration. Eleanor Roosevelt supported the adoption of the Declaration as a declaration rather than as a treaty because she believed that it would have the same kind of influence on global society as the United States Declaration of Independence had within the United States. In this, she proved to be correct. Even though it is not legally binding, the Declaration has been adopted in or has influenced most national constitutions since 1948. It has also served as the foundation for a growing number of national laws, international laws, and treaties, as well as for a growing number of regional,sub national, and national institutions protecting and promoting human rights.
Legal effect
While not a treaty itself, the Declaration was explicitly adopted for the purpose of defining the meaning of the words "fundamental freedoms" and "human rights" appearing in the United Nations Charter, which is binding on all member states. For this reason, the Universal Declaration is a fundamental constitutive document of the United Nations. In addition, many international lawyers[25] believe that the Declaration forms part of customary international law[26] and is a powerful tool in applying diplomatic and moral pressure to governments that violate any of its articles. The 1968 United Nations International Conference on Human Rights advised that the Declaration "constitutes an obligation for the members of the international community" to all persons. The Declaration has served as the foundation for two binding UN human rights covenants: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The principles of the Declaration are elaborated in international treaties such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the International Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, the United Nations Convention Against Torture, and many more. The Declaration continues to be widely cited by governments, academics, advocates, and constitutional courts, and by individuals who appeal to its principles for the protection of their recognised human rights.
Reaction
Praise
The Universal Declaration has received praise from a number of notable people. The Lebanese philosopher and diplomat Charles Malik called it "an international document of the first order of importance",[27] while Eleanor Roosevelt—first chairwoman of the Commission on Human Rights (CHR) that drafted the Declaration—stated that it "may well become the international Magna Carta of all men everywhere."[28] In a speech on 5 October 1995, Pope John Paul II called the Declaration "one of the highest expressions of the human conscience of our time".[29] In a statement on 10 December 2003 on behalf of the European Union, Marcello Spatafora said that the Declaration "placed human rights at the centre of the framework of principles and obligations shaping relations within the international community."[citation needed]
Criticism
Islamic countries
However, in 1948, Saudi Arabia abstained from the ratification vote on the Declaration, claiming that it violated Sharia law.[30] Pakistan—which had signed the declaration—disagreed and critiqued the Saudi position.[31] In 1982, the Iranian representative to the United Nations, Said Rajaie-Khorassani, said that the Declaration was "a secular understanding of the Judeo-Christian tradition" which could not be implemented by Muslims without conflict with Sharia.[32] On 30 June 2000, members of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) officially resolved to support the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam,[33] an alternative document that says people have "freedom and right to a dignified life in accordance with the Islamic Shari'ah", without any discrimination on grounds of "race, colour, language, sex, religious belief, political affiliation, social status or other considerations". Turkey—a secular state—signed the Declaration in 1948.
A number of scholars in different fields have expressed concerns with the Declaration's alleged Western bias. These include Irene Oh, Abdulaziz Sachedina, Riffat Hassan, and Faisal Kutty. Hassan has argued:
What needs to be pointed out to those who uphold the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to be the highest, or sole, model, of a charter of equality and liberty for all human beings, is that given the Western origin and orientation of this Declaration, the "universality" of the assumptions on which it is based is – at the very least – problematic and subject to questioning. Furthermore, the alleged incompatibility between the concept of human rights and religion in general, or particular religions such as Islam, needs to be examined in an unbiased way.[34]
Irene Oh argues that one solution is to approach the issue from the perspective of comparative (descriptive) ethics.[35]
Kutty writes: "A strong argument can be made that the current formulation of international human rights constitutes a cultural structure in which western society finds itself easily at home ... It is important to acknowledge and appreciate that other societies may have equally valid alternative conceptions of human rights."[36] On the other hand, others[who?] have written that some of these "cultural arguments" can go so far as to undermine the very nature of human freedom and choice, the protection of which is the purpose of the UN declaration. For example, typical versions of Sharia law forbid Muslims from leaving Islam under the penalty of capital punishment. Islamic legal scholar Faisal Kutty argues that existing blasphemy laws in Muslim countries are actually un-Islamic and are a legacy of colonial rule.[37] Mohsen Haredy, an Islamic scholar, states that Muslim countries have their own views of Sharia and blasphemies are the internal issues of those countries.[38]
Ironically, a number of Islamic countries that as of 2014[update] are among the most resistant to UN intervention in domestic affairs, played an invaluable role in the creation of the Declaration, with countries such as Syria and Egypt having been strong proponents of the universality of human rights and the right of countries to self-determination.[39]
"The Right to Refuse to Kill"
Groups such as Amnesty International[40] and War Resisters International[41] have advocated for "The Right to Refuse to Kill" to be added to the Universal Declaration. War Resisters International has stated that the right to conscientious objection to military service is primarily derived from—but not yet explicit in—Article 18 of the UDHR: the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion.[41]
Steps have been taken within the United Nations to make this right more explicit, but —to date (2015)—[update] those steps have been limited to less significant United Nations documents. Sean MacBride—Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations and Nobel Peace Prize laureate—has said: "To the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights one more might, with relevance, be added. It is 'The Right to Refuse to Kill'."[42]
Bangkok Declaration
During the lead up to the World Conference on Human Rights held in 1993, ministers from Asian states adopted the Bangkok Declaration, reaffirming their governments' commitment to the principles of the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They stated their view of the interdependence and indivisibility of human rights and stressed the need for universality, objectivity, and non-selectivity of human rights. However, at the same time, they emphasized the principles of sovereignty and non-interference, calling for greater emphasis on economic, social, and cultural rights—in particular, the right to economic development over civil and political rights. The Bangkok Declaration is considered to be a landmark expression of the Asian values perspective, which offers an extended critique of human rights universalism.[43]
Organizations promoting the UDHR
International Federation for Human Rights
The International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) is nonpartisan, nonsectarian, and independent of any government, and its core mandate is to promote respect for all the rights set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.[44][45]
Amnesty International
In 1988, director Stephen R. Johnson and 41 international animators, musicians, and producers created a 20-minute video for Amnesty International to celebrate the 40th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration. The video was to bring to life the Declaration's 30 articles.[46]
Amnesty International celebrated Human Rights Day and the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration all over the world by organizing the "Fire Up!" event.[47]
Unitarian Universalist Service Committee
The Unitarian Universalist Service Committee (UUSC) is a non-profit, nonsectarian organization whose work around the world is guided by the values of Unitarian Universalism and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It works to provide disaster relief and promote human rights and social justice around the world.
Quaker United Nations Office and American Friends Service Committee
The Quaker United Nations Office and the American Friends Service Committee work on many human rights issues, including improving education on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They have developed a Curriculum to help introduce High School students to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[48][49]
American Library Association
In 1997, the council of the American Library Association (ALA) endorsed Article 19 from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[50] Along with Article 19, Article 18 and 20 are also fundamentally tied to the ALA Universal Right to Free Expression and the Library Bill of Rights.[51] Censorship, the invasion of privacy, and interference of opinions are human rights violations according to the ALA.
See also
Human rights
- History of human rights
-
- Timeline of young people's rights in the United Kingdom
- in the United States
Non-binding agreements
- Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (1990)
- Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (1993)
- United Nations Millennium Declaration (2000)
International human rights law
- Fourth Geneva Convention (1949)
- European Convention on Human Rights (1952)
- Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1954)
- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1969)
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1976)
- International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1976)
- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1981)
- Convention on the Rights of the Child (1990)
- Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000)
- Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2007)
Other
-
- Slavery in the United States
- in Russia
- Slavery in international law
- Slave Trade Acts
- Human rights in China (PRC)
- Command responsibility
- Declaration on Great Apes, an as-yet unsuccessful effort to extend some human rights to great apes.
- "Consent of the governed"
- Racial equality proposal (1919)
- The Farewell Sermon (632 CE)
- Youth for Human Rights International
Notes and references
Notes
- ^ Included John Peters Humphrey (Canada), René Cassin (France), P. C. Chang (Republic of China), Charles Malik (Lebanon), Hansa Mehta (India) and Eleanor Roosevelt (United States); see Creation and drafting section above.
References
- ^ "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights". un.org.
- ^ Williams 1981. This is the first book edition of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with a foreword by Jimmy Carter.
- ^ "United Nations Charter, preamble and article 55". United Nations. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
- ^ Cataclysm and World Response in Drafting and Adoption : The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, udhr.org.
- ^ "UDHR50: Didn't Nazi tyranny end all hope for protecting human rights in the modern world?". Udhr.org. 1998-08-28. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
- ^ "UDHR – History of human rights". Universalrights.net. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
- ^ Morsink 1999, p. 5
- ^ Morsink 1999, p. 133
- ^ a b Morsink 1999, p. 4
- ^ The Declaration was drafted during the Chinese Civil War. P.C. Chang was appointed as a representative by the Republic of China, then the recognised government of China, but which was driven from mainland China and now administers only Taiwan and nearby islands ([1]).
- ^ http://www.un.int/india/india%20&%20un/humanrights.pdf
- ^ "Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights". Research Guides. United Nations. Dag Hammarskjöld Library. Retrieved 2015-04-17.
- ^ Carlson, Allan: Globalizing Family Values, 12 January 2004.
- ^ a b c CCNMTL. "default". Center for New Media Teaching and Learning (CCNMTL). Columbia University. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
- ^ UNAC. "Questions and answers about the Universal Declaration of Human Rights". United Nations Association in Canada (UNAC). p. "Who are the signatories of the Declaration?". Archived from the original on 2012-09-12.
- ^ Jost Müller-Neuhof (2008-12-10). "Menschenrechte: Die mächtigste Idee der Welt". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Retrieved 2013-07-12.
- ^ Peter Danchin. "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Drafting History - 10. Plenary Session of the Third General Assembly Session". Retrieved 2015-02-25.
- ^ Glendon 2001, pp. 169–70[citation not found]
- ^ "Yearbook of the United Nations 1948–1949 p 535" (PDF). Retrieved 24 July 2014.
- ^ Schabas, William (1998). "Canada and the Adoption of Universal Declaration of Human Rights" (PDF). McGill Law Journal 43: 403.
- ^ Glendon 2002, pp. 62–64.
- ^ Glendon 2002, Chapter 10.
- ^ "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: 1948–2008". United Nations. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
- ^ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human rights.
- ^ Humphrey JP, "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Its History, Impact and Juridical Character", in Ramcharan BG (ed), Human Rights: Thirty Years After the Universal Declaration (1979) pp. 2l, 37; Sohn 1, "The Human Rights Law of the Charter" (1977) 12 Texas Int LJ 129, 133; McDougal MS, Lasswell H and Chen I, Human Rights and World Public Order (1980) pp. 273–274, 325–327; D'Amato A, International Law: Process and Prospect( 1986) pp. 123–147.
- ^ Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. "Digital record of the UDHR". United Nations.
- ^ "Statement by Charles Malik as Representative of Lebanon to the Third Committee of the UN General Assembly on the Universal Declaration". 6 November 1948. Archived from the original on 28 September 2008.
- ^ Michael E. Eidenmuller (1948-12-09). "Eleanor Roosevelt: Address to the United Nations General Assembly". Americanrhetoric.com. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
- ^ "John Paul II, Address to the U.N., October 2, 1979 and October 5, 1995". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
- ^ Nisrine Abiad (2008). Sharia, Muslim states and international human rights treaty obligations: a comparative study. BIICL. pp. 60–65. ISBN 978-1-905221-41-7.
- ^ Price 1999, p. 163
- ^ Littman, D (February–March 1999). "Universal Human Rights and Human Rights in Islam". Midstream. Archived from the original on 2006-05-12.
- ^ "Resolution No 60/27-P". Organisation of the Islamic Conference. 2000-06-27. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
- ^ "Are Human Rights Compatible with Islam?". religiousconsultation.org. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ "The Rights of God". Georgetown University Press, 2007.
- ^ "Non-Western Societies Have Influenced Human Rights". in Jacqueline Langwith (ed.), Opposing Viewpoints: Human Rights, Gale/Greenhaven Press: Chicago, 2007.
- ^ "Why Blasphemy Laws Are Actually Anti-Islamic". The Huffington Post.
- ^ "Why Should Blasphemy Be Punishable at All?". onislam.net.
- ^ Professor Susan Waltz: Universal Rights Group, Syria calls for greater UN intervention in domestic human rights situations….
- ^ Out of the margins: the right to conscientious objection to military service in Europe: An announcement of Amnesty International's forthcoming campaign and briefing for the UN Commission on Human Rights, 31 March 1997. Amnesty International.
- ^ a b A Conscientious Objector's Guide to the UN Human Rights System, Parts 1, 2 & 3, Background Information on International Law for COs, Standards which recognise the right to conscientious objection, War Resisters' International.
- ^ Sean MacBride, The Imperatives of Survival, Nobel Lecture, 12 December 1974, The Nobel Foundation – Official website of the Nobel Foundation. (English index page; hyperlink to Swedish site.) From Nobel Lectures in Peace 1971–1980.
- ^ "Final Declaration Of The Regional Meeting For Asia Of The World Conference On Human Rights". Law.hku.hk. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
- ^ Contribution to the EU Multi-stakeholder Forum on CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility), 10 February 2009; accessed on 9 November 2009
- ^ Information Partners, web site of the UNHCR, last updated 25 February 2010, 16:08 GMT (web retrieval 25 February 2010, 18:11 GMT)
- ^ "UDHR film". Amnesty International. Retrieved 2013-07-19.
- ^ "Fire Up!". Amnesty International. Retrieved 2013-07-19.
- ^ "UNHCR Partners". UNHCR. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
- ^ "AFSC Universal Declaration of Human Rights web page". American Friends Service Committee. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
- ^ "Resolution on IFLA, Human Rights and Freedom of Expression". ala.org.
- ^ "The Universal Right to Free Expression:". ala.org.
Sources
- Glendon, Mary Ann (2002). A world made new: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-76046-4.
- Hashmi, Sohail H. (2002). Islamic political ethics: civil society, pluralism, and conflict. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11310-4.
- Morsink, Johannes (1999). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: origins, drafting, and intent. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1747-6.
- Price, Daniel E. (1999). Islamic political culture, democracy, and human rights: a comparative study. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-96187-9.
- Williams, Paul; United Nations General Assembly (1981). The International bill of human rights. Entwhistle Books. ISBN 978-0-934558-07-5.
Further reading
- Feldman, Jean-Philippe. "Hayek's Critique Of The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights". Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines, Volume 9, Issue 4 (December 1999): 1145-6396.
- Nurser, John. "For All Peoples and All Nations. Christian Churches and Human Rights.". (Geneva: WCC Publications, 2005).
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights pages at Columbia University (Centre for the Study of Human Rights), including article by article commentary, video interviews, discussion of meaning, drafting and history.
- Introductory note by Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade and procedural history on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
External links
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Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Universal Declaration of Human Rights. |
- Text of the UDHR
- Official translations of the UDHR
- Resource Guide on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at the UN Library, Geneva.
- Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights - documents and meetings records - United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld Library
- Questions and answers about the Universal Declaration
- Text, Audio, and Video excerpt of Eleanor Roosevelt's Address to the United Nations on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- UDHR – Education
- Revista Envío – A Declaration of Human Rights For the 21st Century
- Introductory note by Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade and procedural history note on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
- DHpedia: Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- [http://blogs.loc.gov/law/2012/12/the-laws-of-burgos-500-years-of-human-rights/ The Laws of Burgos: 500 Years of Human Rights from the Law Library of Congress blog.
Audiovisual materials
- Librivox: Human-read audio recordings in several Languages
- Text, Audio, and Video excerpt of Eleanor Roosevelt's Address to the United Nations on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- Animated presentation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by Amnesty International on YouTube (in English duration 20 minutes and 23 seconds).
- Audio: Statement by Charles Malik as Representative of Lebanon to the Third Committee of the UN General Assembly on the Universal Declaration, 6 November 1948
- UN Department of Public Information introduction to the drafters of the Declaration
- Audiovisual material on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
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Articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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General principles
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- Article 1: Freedom, Egalitarianism, Dignity and Brotherhood
- Article 2: Universality of rights
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International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
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- Articles 1 and 2: Right to freedom from discrimination
- Article 3: Right to life, liberty and security of person
- Article 4: Freedom from slavery
- Article 5: Freedom from torture or cruel and unusual punishment
- Article 6: Right to personhood
- Article 7: Equality before the law
- Article 8: Right to effective remedy from the law
- Article 9: Freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention or exile
- Article 10: Right to a fair trial
- Article 11.1: Presumption of innocence
- Article 11.2: Prohibition of retrospective law
- Article 12: Right to privacy
- Article 13.1: Freedom of movement
- Article 13.2: Right of return
- Article 14: Right of asylum
- Article 15: Right to a nationality
- Article 16: Right to marriage and family life
- Article 17: Right to property
- Article 18: Freedom of thought, conscience and religion
- Article 19: Freedom of opinion and expression and information
- Article 20.1: Freedom of assembly
- Article 20.2: Freedom of association
- Article 21.1: Right to participation in government
- Article 21.2: Right of equal access to public office
- Article 21.3: Right to universal suffrage
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International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
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- Article 22: Right to social security
- Article 23.1: Right to work
- Article 23.2: Right to equal pay for equal work
- Article 23.3: Right to just remuneration
- Article 23.4: Right to join a trade union
- Article 24: Right to rest and leisure
- Article 25.1: Right to an adequate standard of living
- Article 25.2: Right to special care and assistance for mothers and children
- Article 26.1: Right to education
- Article 26.2: Human rights education
- Article 26.3: Right to choice of education
- Article 27: Right to science and culture
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Context, limitations and duties
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- Article 28: Social order
- Article 29.1: Social responsibility
- Article 29.2: Limitations of human rights
- Article 29.3: The supremacy of the purposes and principles of the United Nations
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| Article 30: |
- Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.
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- Human rights category
- Human rights portal
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Human rights
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Fundamental concepts
and philosophies
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- Natural law
- Positive law
- Sovereignty
- Universal jurisdiction
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| Distinctions |
- Claim rights and liberty rights
- Individual and group rights
- Natural and legal rights
- Negative and positive rights
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| Aspects |
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| Organizations |
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International human rights instruments
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Declarations
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- Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
- Cairo Declaration of Human Rights
- Declaration of the Rights of the Child
- Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
- Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
- Paris Principles
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International law
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- United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
- UN Convention Against Torture
- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
- Convention on the Political Rights of Women
- Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
- Convention on the Rights of the Child
- United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
- International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
- International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
- Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
- International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
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Regional law
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- African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
- European
- Convention on Human Rights
- Convention for the Prevention of Torture
- Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
- Social Charter
- American Convention on Human Rights
- Inter-American Convention
- to Prevent and Punish Torture
- on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities
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International humanitarian law
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- Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
- Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
- Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
- Geneva Conventions
- Hague Conventions
- Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
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Eleanor Roosevelt
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October 11, 1884 – November 7, 1962
- Chairwoman, Presidential Commission on the Status of Women (1961-1962)
34th First Lady of the United States (1933-1945)
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| United Nations |
- United States delegate, United Nations General Assembly (1946-1952)
- United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1947-1953, Chairperson 1946-1951
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- Human Rights Day)
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First Lady of
the United States |
- "My Day" daily newspaper column, 1935-1962
- Co-Chair, Office of Civilian Defense
- Marian Anderson Lincoln Memorial Concert
- Tuskegee Airmen flight
- Arthurdale and Eleanor, West Virginia
- American Youth Congress
- National Youth Administration
- Federal Council of Negro Affairs
- 1940 Democratic National Convention speech
- Freedom House
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| Other events |
- First Lady of New York
- Presidential Commission on the Status of Women
- National Organization for Women
- Encampment for Citizenship
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| Life and homes |
- Val-Kill National Historic Site
- Campobello home
- Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness
- Hyde Park home and gravesite
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| Legacy |
- Roosevelt Institute
- Roosevelt Institute Campus Network
- Roosevelt Study Center
- Eleanor Roosevelt Monument
- Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights
- Statue at the Franklin Roosevelt Memorial
- Books
- Films
- Marian Anderson: the Lincoln Memorial Concert (1939 film)
- The Eleanor Roosevelt Story (1965 film)
- Eleanor and Franklin (1976 film)
- Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years (1977 film)
- The Roosevelts (2014 documentary)
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| Related |
- United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
- International Bill of Human Rights
- International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
- Morgenthau Plan
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| Roosevelt family |
- Franklin D. Roosevelt (husband
- presidency)
- Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (daughter)
- James Roosevelt II (son)
- Elliott Roosevelt (son)
- Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr. (son)
- John Roosevelt II (son)
- Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves (granddaughter)
- Curtis Roosevelt (grandson)
- Sara Delano Roosevelt (granddaughter)
- Franklin D. Roosevelt III (grandson)
- John Roosevelt Boettiger (grandson)
- James Roosevelt III (grandson)
- Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt (father)
- Anna Hall Roosevelt (mother)
- Hall Roosevelt (brother)
- Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. (grandfather)
- Martha Stewart Bulloch (grandmother)
- Theodore Roosevelt (uncle
- presidency)
- Bamie Roosevelt (aunt)
- Fala (family dog)
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- Commons
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