WordNet

make or leave a mark on; "the scouts marked the trail"; "ash marked the believers foreheads"
formerly the basic unit of money in Germany (同)German mark, Deutsche Mark, Deutschmark
the impression created by doing something unusual or extraordinary that people notice and remember; "it was in London that he made his mark"; "he left an indelible mark on the American theater"
a number or letter indicating quality (especially of a students performance); "she made good marks in algebra"; "grade A milk"; "what was your score on your homework?" (同)grade, score
a visible indication made on a surface; "some previous reader had covered the pages with dozens of marks"; "paw prints were everywhere" (同)print
a symbol of disgrace or infamy; "And the Lord set a mark upon Cain"--Genesis (同)stigma, brand, stain
a written or printed symbol (as for punctuation); "his answer was just a punctuation mark"
designate as if by a mark; "This sign marks the border"
a writing implement for making a mark
some conspicuous object used to distinguish or mark something; "the buoys were markers for the channel"
a distinguishing symbol; "the owners mark was on all the sheep" (同)marking, mark
the 4th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)d

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(…の表面についた)『跡』,汚れ,はん点《+『on』+『名』》 / 〈C〉『印』,記号,符号,標章 / 〈C〉《おもに英》(学業などの)『点数』,成績,評価,(…の)得点《+『in』(『for』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉(ある性質の)『徴候』,『特徴』,現れ,様相《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(思想・生活などに及ぼす)『影響』,感化《+『on』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(境界などの)位置を示すもの,指標,目印 / 〈C〉『的』,標的 / 〈C〉《the mark》水準,標準 / 〈U〉《文》著名,重要性;名声 / 〈C〉(軽べつ・もの笑いなどの)対象,的 / 〈U〉《通例M-》武器記号,…型 / 〈C〉スタートライン / (…で)…‘に'『印をつける』,跡をつける《+『名』++『with』+『名』》 / 〈物が〉…‘を'印となっている,‘を'示している / …‘を'印(記号など)で示す / 〈物・事柄などが〉…‘を'『特徴づける』,目立たせる / 〈答案など〉‘に'点(印)をつける / (…の候補に)…‘を'選び出す《+『名』+『out for』+『名』》 / …‘に'注意を払う,柱目する
マルク(ドイツノ貨幣単位;《略》『MK.』)
印をつける人(道具) / (ゲームなどの)採点者 / 目印,目標
deuteriumの化学記号
deoxyribonucleic acidディオキシリボ核酸

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/12/08 23:35:02」(JST)

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Chicks atop a picture of a genetic map of a chicken. The chicken genome has 39 pairs of chromosomes, whereas the human genome contains 23 pairs

A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species. It can be described as a variation (which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci) that can be observed. A genetic marker may be a short DNA sequence, such as a sequence surrounding a single base-pair change (single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP), or a long one, like minisatellites.

Background

For many years, gene mapping was limited to identifying organisms by traditional genetic markers. This included genes that encode easily observable characteristics such as blood types or seed shapes. The insufficient number of these types of characteristics in several organisms limited the mapping efforts that could be done.^[1]

Types

SFP discovery principle for gene probing

Some commonly used types of genetic markers are:

RFLP (or Restriction fragment length polymorphism)
SSLP (or Simple sequence length polymorphism)
AFLP (or Amplified fragment length polymorphism)
RAPD (or Random amplification of polymorphic DNA)
VNTR (or Variable number tandem repeat)
SSR Microsatellite polymorphism, (or Simple sequence repeat)
SNP (or Single nucleotide polymorphism)
STR (or Short tandem repeat)
SFP (or Single feature polymorphism)
DArT (or Diversity Arrays Technology)
RAD markers (or Restriction site associated DNA markers)

Molecular genetic markers can be divided into two classes a) biochemical markers which detect variation at the gene product level such as changes in proteins and amino acids and b) molecular markers which detect variation at the DNA level such as nucleotide changes: deletion, duplication, inversion and/or insertion. Markers can exhibit two modes of inheritance, i.e. dominant/recessive or co-dominant. If the genetic pattern of homozygotes can be distinguished from that of heterozygotes, then a marker is said to be co-dominant. Generally co-dominant markers are more informative than the dominant markers.^[2]

Uses

Genetic markers can be used to study the relationship between an inherited disease and its genetic cause (for example, a particular mutation of a gene that results in a defective protein). It is known that pieces of DNA that lie near each other on a chromosome tend to be inherited together. This property enables the use of a marker, which can then be used to determine the precise inheritance pattern of the gene that has not yet been exactly localized.

Genetic markers are employed in genealogical DNA testing for genetic genealogy to determine genetic distance between individuals or populations. Uniparental markers (on mitochondrial or Y chromosomal DNA) are studied for assessing maternal or paternal lineages. Autosomal markers are used for all ancestry.

Genetic markers have to be easily identifiable, associated with a specific locus, and highly polymorphic, because homozygotes do not provide any information. Detection of the marker can be direct by RNA sequencing, or indirect using allozymes.

Some of the methods used to study the genome or phylogenetics are RFLP, Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), RAPD, SSR. They can be used to create genetic maps of whatever organism is being studied.

There was a debate over what the transmissible agent of CTVT (canine transmissible venereal tumor) was. Many researchers hypothesized that virus like particles were responsible for transforming the cell, while others thought that the cell itself was able to infect other canines as an allograft. With the aid of genetic markers, researchers were able to provide conclusive evidence that the cancerous tumor cell evolved into a transmissible parasite. Furthermore, molecular genetic markers were used to resolve the issue of natural transmission, the breed of origin (phylogenetics), and the age of the canine tumor.^[3]

Genetic markers have also been used to measure the genomic response to selection in livestock. Natural and artificial selection leads to a change in the genetic makeup of the cell. The presence of different alleles due to a distorted segregation at the genetic markers is indicative of the difference between selected and non-selected livestock.^[4]

Other references

de Vicente, C., T. Fulton (2003). Molecular Marker Learning Modules – Vol. 1. IPGRI, Rome, Italy and Institute for Genetic Diversity, Ithaca, New York, USA.
de Vicente, C., T. Fulton (2004). Molecular Marker Learning Modules – Vol. 2. IPGRI, Rome, Italy and Institute for Genetic Diversity, Ithaca, New York, USA.
de Vicente, C., J-C. Glaszmann, editors (2006). Molecular Markers for Allele Mining. AMS (Bioversity's Regional Office for the Americas), CIRAD, GCP, IPGRI, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation. 85 p.
Spooner, D., R van Treuren and M.C. de Vicente (2005). Molecular markers for genebank management. CGN, IPGRI, USDA. 126 p.

References

^ Pierce, Scott Fred: A Conceptual Approach.
^ http://www.scienceboard.net/highlight/30/molecular-genetic-markers-what-why-which-one-for-exploring-genetic-diversity
^ Murgia C, Pritchard JK, Kim SY, Fassati A, Weiss RA. Clonal origin and evolution of a transmissible cancer. Cell. 2006 Aug 11;126(3):477-87.
^ Rayaa, G. et al. 2002. The Use of Genetic Markers to Measure Genomic Response to Selection in Livestock. Genetics. 162: 1381-1388

External links

Media related to Genetic markers at Wikimedia Commons

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English Journal

Candidate Gene Association Studies of Anthracycline-induced Cardiotoxicity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Leong SL1,2, Chaiyakunapruk N1,3,4,5, Lee SW6.
Scientific reports.Sci Rep.2017 Dec;7(1):39. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-00075-1. Epub 2017 Feb 27.
Anthracyclines play an important role in the management of patients with cancer but the development of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (ACT) remains a significant concern for most clinicians. Recently, genetic approach has been used to identify patients at increased risk of ACT. This systematic
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Elevated ambulatory systolic-diastolic pressure regression index is genetically determined in hypertensive patients with coronary heart disease.

Wirtwein M1, Melander O2, Sjőgren M2, Hoffmann M3, Narkiewicz K3, Gruchala M4, Sobiczewski W4.
Blood pressure.Blood Press.2017 Jun;26(3):174-180. doi: 10.1080/08037051.2016.1273741. Epub 2017 Jan 16.
OBJECTIVES: Ambulatory systolic-diastolic pressure regression index (ASDPRI) as a composite marker of cardiovascular (CV) properties is related to CV complications. However, genetic determinants of ASDPRI are not known. The aim of this study is to report the relationship between certain single nucle
PMID 28092973

S100B + A1 CELISA: A Novel Potency Assay and Screening Tool for Redifferentiation Stimuli of Human Articular Chondrocytes.

Diaz-Romero J1, Kürsener S1, Kohl S2, Nesic D1,2.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2017 Jun;232(6):1559-1570. doi: 10.1002/jcp.25682. Epub 2016 Nov 30.
During monolayer expansion, a necessary step in autologous chondrocyte implantation, human articular chondrocytes (HAC) dedifferentiate and lose their capacity to produce stable hyaline cartilage. Determining HAC potency and learning how to trigger their redifferentiation would improve cell-based ca
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