WordNet

the 4th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)d
a drug (trade name Cuprimine) used to treat heavy metal poisoning and Wilsons disease and severe arthritis (同)Cuprimine
an endorphin having opiate qualities that occurs in the brain and spinal cord and elsewhere

PrepTutorEJDIC

deuteriumの化学記号
(おもに人称代名詞・固有名詞(人名),thereの後で)had, wouldの短縮形 / (疑問文でwhere,what,whenの後で)didの短縮形;Where'd he go?=Where did he go?

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1. 重症筋無力症の鑑別診断 differential diagnosis of myasthenia gravis
2. ウィルソン病：治療および予後 wilson disease treatment and prognosis
3. 小児期の鉛中毒：管理 childhood lead poisoning management
4. 薬物誘導性ミオパシー drug induced myopathies
5. 免疫調節および抗線維化による全身性硬化症（強皮症）治療 immunomodulatory and antifibrotic approaches to the treatment of systemic sclerosis scleroderma

English Journal

Peripheral δ-opioid receptors attenuate the exercise pressor reflex.

Leal AK, Yamauchi K, Kim J, Ruiz-Velasco V, Kaufman MP.Author information Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and.AbstractIn rats with ligated femoral arteries, the exercise pressor reflex is exaggerated, an effect that is attenuated by stimulation of peripheral μ-opioid receptors on group IV metabosensitive afferents. In contrast, δ-opioid receptors are expressed mostly on group III mechanosensitive afferents, a finding that prompted us to determine whether stimulation of these opioid receptors could also attenuate the exaggerated exercise pressor reflex in "ligated" rats. We found femoral arterial injection of [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE; 1.0 μg), a δ-opioid agonist, significantly attenuated the pressor and cardioaccelerator components of the exercise pressor reflex evoked by hindlimb muscle contraction in both rats with ligated and patent femoral arteries. DPDPE significantly decreased the pressor responses to muscle mechanoreflex activation, evoked by tendon stretch, in ligated rats only. DPDPE (1.0 μg) had no effect in either group on the pressor and cardioaccelerator responses to capsaicin (0.2 μg), which primarily stimulates group IV afferents. DPDPE (1.0 μg) had no effect on the pressor and cardioaccelerator responses to lactic acid (24 mM), which stimulates group III and IV afferents, in rats with patent femoral arteries but significantly decreased the pressor response in ligated rats. Western blots revealed the amount of protein comprising the δ-opioid receptor was greater in dorsal root ganglia innervating hindlimbs with ligated femoral arteries than in dorsal root ganglia innervating hindlimbs with patent femoral arteries. Our findings support the hypothesis that stimulation of δ-opioid receptors on group III afferents attenuated the exercise pressor reflex.
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.2013 Oct 15;305(8):H1246-55. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00116.2013. Epub 2013 Aug 9.
In rats with ligated femoral arteries, the exercise pressor reflex is exaggerated, an effect that is attenuated by stimulation of peripheral μ-opioid receptors on group IV metabosensitive afferents. In contrast, δ-opioid receptors are expressed mostly on group III mechanosensitive afferents, a fin
PMID 23934854

Stronger antinociceptive efficacy of opioids at the injured nerve trunk than at its peripheral terminals in neuropathic pain.

Labuz D, Machelska H.Author information Klinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.AbstractActivation of opioid receptors on peripheral sensory neurons has the potential for safe pain control, as it lacks centrally mediated side effects. While this approach often only partially suppressed neuropathic pain in animal models, opioids were mostly applied to animal paws although neuropathy was induced at the nerve trunk. Here we aimed to identify the most relevant peripheral site of opioid action for efficient antinociception in neuropathy. On days 2 and 14 following a chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in mice, we evaluated dose and time relationships of the effects of μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptor agonists injected either at the CCI site or intraplantarly (i.pl.) into the lesioned nerve-innervated paw, on spontaneous paw lifting and heat and mechanical hypersensitivity (using Hargreaves and von Frey tests, respectively). We found that neither agonist diminished spontaneous paw lifting, despite the application site. Heat hypersensitivity was partially attenuated by i.pl. μ-receptor agonist only, while it was improved by all three agonists applied at the CCI site. Mechanical hypersensitivity was slightly diminished by all agonists administered i.pl., whereas it was completely blocked by all opioids injected at the CCI site. These antinociceptive effects were opioid receptor type-selective and site-specific. Thus, opioids might not be effective against spontaneous pain, but they improve heat and mechanical hypersensitivity in neuropathy. Importantly, efficient alleviation of hypersensitivity is governed by peripheral opioid receptors at the injured nerve trunk rather than at its peripheral terminals. Identifying the primary action site of analgesics is important for the development of adequate pain therapies.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.J Pharmacol Exp Ther.2013 Sep;346(3):535-44. doi: 10.1124/jpet.113.205344. Epub 2013 Jul 2.
Activation of opioid receptors on peripheral sensory neurons has the potential for safe pain control, as it lacks centrally mediated side effects. While this approach often only partially suppressed neuropathic pain in animal models, opioids were mostly applied to animal paws although neuropathy was
PMID 23820126

Treatment with carbon monoxide-releasing molecules and an HO-1 inducer enhances the effects and expression of µ-opioid receptors during neuropathic pain.

Hervera A, Leánez S, Motterlini R, Pol O.Author information Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.AbstractBACKGROUND: The administration of µ-opioid receptors (MOR) and δ-opioid receptors (DOR) as well as cannabinoid-2 receptor (CB2R) agonists attenuates neuropathic pain. We investigated if treatment with two carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORM-2 and CORM-3) or an inducible heme oxygenase inducer (cobalt protoporphyrin IX, CoPP) could modulate the local and systemic effects and expression of MOR, DOR, and CB2R during neuropathic pain.
Anesthesiology.Anesthesiology.2013 May;118(5):1180-97. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318286d085.
BACKGROUND: The administration of µ-opioid receptors (MOR) and δ-opioid receptors (DOR) as well as cannabinoid-2 receptor (CB2R) agonists attenuates neuropathic pain. We investigated if treatment with two carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORM-2 and CORM-3) or an inducible heme oxygenase induce
PMID 23358127

Japanese Journal

Addition of D-penicillamine, hypotaurine, and epinephrine (PHE) mixture to IVF medium maintains motility and longevity of bovine sperm and enhances stable production of blastocysts in vitro

Journal of Reproduction and Development 61(2), 99-105, 2015
NAID 130005064911

Addition of D-penicillamine, hypotaurine, and epinephrine (PHE) mixture to IVF medium maintains motility and longevity of bovine sperm and enhances stable production of blastocysts in vitro