WordNet

any of various organs that synthesize substances needed by the body and release it through ducts or directly into the bloodstream (同)secretory organ, secretor, secreter
English poet who wrote hymns and poetry about nature (1731-1800) (同)William Cowper
English surgeon who discovered Cowpers gland (1666-1709) (同)William Cowper

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(生物体内の)腺(せん)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/03 08:59:25」(JST)

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A bulbourethral gland, also called a Cowper gland for English anatomist William Cowper, is one of two small exocrine glands in the reproductive system of many male mammals (of all domesticated animals, they are only absent in the dog).^[1] They are homologous to Bartholin's glands in females.

Location

Bulbourethral glands are located posterior and lateral to the membranous portion of the urethra at the base of the penis, between the two layers of the fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, in the deep perineal pouch. They are enclosed by transverse fibers of the sphincter urethrae membranaceae muscle.

Structure

Dissection of prostate showing the bulbourethral glands within the fibers of the external urethral sphincter just underneath the prostate.

The bulbourethral glands are compound tubulo-alveolar glands, each approximately the size of a pea in humans. In chimpanzees, they are not visible during dissection, but can be found on microscopic examination.^[2] In boars, they are up to 18 cm long and 5 cm in diameter.^[1] They are composed of several lobules held together by a fibrous covering. Each lobule consists of a number of acini, lined by columnar epithelial cells, opening into a duct that joins with the ducts of other lobules to form a single excretory duct. This duct is approximately 2.5 cm long and opens into the bulbar urethra at the base of the penis. The glands gradually diminish in size with advancing age.^[3]^{[unreliable source]}

A study published in Human Fertility in March 2011 suggests that some human males often or always excrete sperm carried out of the body by Cowper's gland secretions prior to ejaculation, at concentrations similar to those found in their semen.^[4] This could result in the possibility of conception from the introduction of pre-ejaculate alone to the vagina, though the direct probability of pregnancy has not been assessed.

The Cowper's gland also produces some amount of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and Cowper's tumors may increase PSA to a level that makes prostate cancer suspected.^{[citation needed]}

Function

The bulbourethral gland contributes about 0.1 to 0.2 ml or 5% of the ejaculate. The secretion is a clear fluid that is rich in mucoproteins. The secretion also helps to lubricate the distal urethra, and neutralize acidic urine which remains in the urethra.

Gallery

Structure of the penis
Male pelvic organs seen from right side.
Vertical section of bladder, penis, and urethra.
Bulbourethral gland labeled at center left.

References

^ ^a ^b Mark McEntee (December 2, 2012). Reproductive Pathology of Domestic Mammals. Elsevier Science. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-323-13804-8. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
^ Jeffrey H. Schwartz (1988). Orang-utan Biology. Oxford University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-19-504371-6. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
^ Gray's Anatomy, 38th ed., p 1861.
^ Stephen R. Killick; Christine Leary; James Trussell; Katherine A. Guthrie (March 2011). "Sperm content of pre-ejaculatory fluid". Human Fertility (Informa) 14 (1): 48–52. doi:10.3109/14647273.2010.520798. ISSN 1464-7273. PMC 3564677. PMID 21155689.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Anatomy and Histology of the Male Reproductive Tract and Spermatogenesis Fine Structure in the Lesser Anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla, Myrmecophagidae, Xenarthra): Morphological Evidences of Reproductive Functions.

Rossi LF, Luaces JP, Aldana Marcos HJ, Cetica PD, Perez Jimeno G, Merani MS.SourceLaboratorio de Biología Cromosómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, C.A.B.A, Argentina.
Anatomia, histologia, embryologia.Anat Histol Embryol.2013 Aug;42(4):247-56. doi: 10.1111/ahe.12008. Epub 2012 Oct 17.
The anatomy and histology of the male genital tract of the lesser anteater were studied. Fine details of spermatozoa regarding their genesis and morphology were also studied in six adult specimens. The testes lie in the pelvic cavity. The deferent duct emerges from the epididymis and opens into the
PMID 23072214

Cowper gland syringocele.

Wu F, Park E, Udayasankar U.SourceCleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio.
The Journal of urology.J Urol.2013 Aug;190(2):713-4. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.04.079. Epub 2013 May 2.
PMID 23643820

Japanese Journal

経尿道的開窓術を施行した成人Cowper's syringoceleの1例

増田憲彦,三品睦輝,北村悠樹 [他]
泌尿器科紀要 58(7), 355-359, 2012-07
… We present an adult case of Cowper's syringocele. … Considering the results mentioned above, we diagnosed the patient with Cowper's syringocele. … Transurethral unroofing of the Cowper's syringocele was performed with a cold knife, and the excessive tissue on the edge of syringocele was electroresected to avoid recurrence. … Cowper's syringocele is typically diagnosed presenting with hematuria, urinary tract infection, and disuria in male infants and children. …
NAID 40019362573

A Histologic Study on Growth Promoter Target Organs of Slaughtered Beef in Molise Region (Italy)

IMBIMBO Pierluigi,CASTIGLIEGO Lorenzo,ARMANI Andrea [他],BIOLATTI Bartolomeo,CANNIZZO Francesca Tiziana,GIANFALDONI Daniela,GUIDI Alessandra
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 74(10), 1253-1259, 2012
… After slaughter, samples of prostate, Cowper's glands, Bartholin's glands, mammary gland, ovaries, thymus and thyroid were collected, inspected and processed for histopathology, as suggested in the guidelines of the Italian national program for residue surveillance (PNR). …
NAID 130001879819

「尿道球腺」

Bulbourethral gland
	Male Anatomy
	Micrograph of bulbourethral gland. H&E stain.
Details
Precursor	Urogenital sinus
Artery	Artery of the urethral bulb
Identifiers
Latin	Glandulae bulbourethrales
MeSH	A05.360.444.123
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: bulbourethral gland (Z)
ラ: glandula bulbourethralis
同: カウパー腺 Cowper腺 Cowper gland (KH)
関: 男性生殖器系

機能

尿道球腺の分泌物はアルカリ性の透明な粘稠液で、尿道の粘膜表面を潤滑にする(KL.452)
性的興奮の際に反射的に尿道に分泌される。

相同器官

女性ではバルトリン腺に相当する

[McEntee2012-1] Mark McEntee (December 2, 2012). Reproductive Pathology of Domestic Mammals. Elsevier Science. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-323-13804-8. Retrieved August 20, 2013.

[Schwartz1988-2] Jeffrey H. Schwartz (1988). Orang-utan Biology. Oxford University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-19-504371-6. Retrieved August 20, 2013.

[3] Gray's Anatomy, 38th ed., p 1861.

[4] Stephen R. Killick; Christine Leary; James Trussell; Katherine A. Guthrie (March 2011). "Sperm content of pre-ejaculatory fluid". Human Fertility (Informa) 14 (1): 48–52. doi:10.3109/14647273.2010.520798. ISSN 1464-7273. PMC 3564677. PMID 21155689.

匿名

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案内

案内

Cowper gland