Botswana

　 　

WordNet

1. a landlocked republic in south-central Africa that became independent from British control in the 1960s (同)Republic of Botswana
2. of or pertaining to Botswana or the people of Botswana
3. monetary unit in Botswana

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1. ボツワナ(南アフリカの共和国)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/05 13:23:03」(JST)

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ボツワナ共和国

Lefatshe la Botswana (ツワナ語)
Republic of Botswana (英語)

（国旗）	（国章）

国の標語: Pula
（ツワナ語: 水、雨）

国歌: 我らの大地

公用語	英語、ツワナ語
首都	ハボローネ
最大の都市	ハボローネ
政府 大統領 イアン・カーマ 副大統領 モンパティ・セボホディ・メラフェ 面積 総計 600,370km2（44位） 水面積率 2.5% 人口 総計（2008年） 1,950,000人（144位） 人口密度 3人/km2 GDP（自国通貨表示） 合計（2008年） 912億プラ GDP（MER） 合計（2008年） 134億ドル（111位） GDP（PPP） 合計（2008年） 265億ドル（106位） 1人あたり 14,882ドル
独立  - 日付	イギリスより 1966年9月30日
通貨	プラ（BWP）
時間帯	UTC +2（DST: なし）
ISO 3166-1	BW / BWA
ccTLD	.bw
国際電話番号	267

ボツワナ共和国（ボツワナきょうわこく）、通称ボツワナは、南部アフリカの内陸に位置する共和制国家で、イギリス連邦加盟国である。南を南アフリカ共和国、西と北をナミビア、東をジンバブエに囲まれた内陸国である。 首都はハボローネ。ツワナ系の人々が多く住む。

国名

正式名称は英語で、Republic of Botswana（リパブリック・オブ・ボツワーナ）。通称、Botswana。日本語の表記は、ボツワナ共和国。通称、ボツワナ。

国名は「ツワナ族の国」を意味している。

歴史

詳細は「ボツワナの歴史」を参照

イギリスによる保護領時代についてはベチュアナランドを参照

この節は執筆中です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。

地理

ボツワナの地図

オカヴァンゴ・デルタ

国土面積は世界44位。なお、国土の約17%が政府により指定保護区とされ、開発から手付かずで残されており、世界各国から観光客や研究者が訪れる。

ボツワナは南部アフリカの内陸に位置し、周縁を高地で囲まれ、海から数百キロメートル以上も隔たった内陸国であり、見渡す限りの平原が広がる盆地の中央部にある。また、位置は南緯18～27度であり、大部分が熱帯に属するが、海抜1000メートル前後と高いため、年平均気温は20～23度と温帯並みである。しかし、気温の変動幅は大きく、夏には酷暑に日があるが、冬には氷点下まで下がる日がある。季節は、夏の雨季と冬の乾季とに二分される。雨季は11月に始まり、次の年の3月まで続く。乾季は5月から始まり9月まで厳しい乾燥の日が続く。このうちの6～8月が冬であり、晴天の日が続き、日中は暑く、夜は気温が急激に下がり、氷点下になることもある。。

中央部にはサバンナ気候のためサバンナが覆うが、サバンナにもまばらに低木と草が茂って生えてるところがある。 西部の大半がカラハリ砂漠におおわれており、北には沼地地帯が広がる。南部はほぼ砂漠になっており、リンポポ川とモロベ川が南アフリカとの国境になっている。

なお、首都のハボローネをはじめとする都市部はオフィスビルも多く、各種交通やITなどのインフラストラクチャーが整っているものの、政府の自然保護政策を受けて多くの緑が残されている。

主な都市

• ハボローネ（Gaborone）

首都であり国内最大の都市であるハボローネの大半は住宅地によって構成されている。住宅地は中、上流階層が住む高級住宅地と、低所得者層が住む住宅地にわかれる。市内には多数のショッピングモールやスーパーマーケットがある。国土が広いこともあり経済規模の割には高層ビルは少ないが、国内企業の本社や外国企業のオフィスが集中しており、ITや交通インフラが整備されている。

• フランシスタウン（Francistown）

ノースイースト地区にある国内第2位の規模を持つ都市。鉄道をはじめとする交通の要衝でもある。

• マウン（Maun）

ノースウェスト地区最大の都市。チョベ国立公園やオカヴァンゴ・デルタに最も近い都市であり、国際線も就航するなど観光の拠点となっている。

• セロウェ（Serowe）

セントラル地区の州都。ボツワナの交通の要所となっている都市。最大部族ングワトの首都である。

• カサネ（Kasane）

ノースウェスト地区とジンバブエとの国境にある都市。

地方行政区

ボツワナのディストリクト

詳細は「ボツワナの地方行政区分」を参照

ボツワナは9つのディストリクトに区分され、さらに28のサブ・ディストリクトに分けられる。

1. セントラル地区
2. ハンツィ地区
3. カラハリ地区
4. カトレン地区
5. クウェネン地区
6. ノースイースト地区
7. ノースウェスト地区
8. サウスイースト地区
9. サザン地区

政治

詳細は「ボツワナの政治」を参照

共和制

国会

ボツワナは共和制、大統領制を採る立憲国家である。両院制国会を持ち、現行憲法は1966年9月30日に公布された。

国家元首である大統領は、同時に行政府の長も兼ねる。大統領は国会により選出され、任期は5年。3選は禁止されている。副大統領および閣僚は大統領により任命される。首相職は無い。

「ボツワナの大統領一覧」も参照

国会

議会制民主主義が施行されており、立法府は両院制の国会である。上院に相当する「首長会議」は15議席で、任期の定められていないツワナ族の伝統的な首長たち8名のほか、副首長などが5年任期で7名任命される。下院に相当する「国民議会」は63議席で、57議席が国民の直接選挙、4議席が与党、2議席は大統領と司法長官により任命される。国民議会議員の任期は5年である。首長会議には諮問機関としての権限しかなく、立法権は国民議会に存在する。

安定した政局

ボツワナの独立以来、アフリカでは数少ない複数政党制に基づく民主主義が機能している国として知られ、政局はきわめて安定している。実際に独立以来クーデターや内乱は一度も起きたことがない。

最大政党ボツワナ民主党（BDP）が政権を1966年の独立以来保っているが、ボツワナ国民戦線（BNF）やボツワナ会議党（BCP）といった右派、左派、中道の各政党が国民議会に議席を持ち、実質を持った野党として活動している。

「ボツワナの政党」も参照

軍事

詳細は「ボツワナ防衛軍」を参照

ボツワナ防衛軍は陸軍と空軍によって構成されており、他に準軍事組織として警察の機動隊が存在する。徴募制度は志願制。内陸国の為海軍は保有しておらず、河川、湖沼を哨戒する軍事的組織も保有していない。3つの組織を合わせた総兵力は10,500人。

国際関係

近隣諸国のみならず、旧宗主国のイギリスを含むヨーロッパ諸国、日本を含むアジア各国やアメリカ合衆国などと友好な関係を保っている。また、かつてはアパルトヘイト政策を取っていた隣国の南アフリカとは対立関係にあったが、南アフリカの方向転換に伴い、近年は友好的な関係を保っている。なお、イギリス連邦の加盟国である。

「南部アフリカ開発共同体（SADC）」の議長国を1980年代から1990年代にかけて長年つとめた他、首都のハボローネに事務局を設置している。また国際連合安全保障理事会の非常任理事国となったこともある。

日本との関係

2011年3月22日、在ボツワナ日本大使館にて東日本大震災の犠牲者に弔意を表し記帳するボツワナの子供たち

1966年の独立直後に正式な外交関係を樹立し、1999年には、駐日大使館が東京都港区芝4丁目に設置された他、駐ボツワナ日本国大使館と総領事館もハボローネに設置されている。2002年には当時の経済産業大臣平沼赳夫が侮辱と受け取られかねない失言をするというハプニングもあったが、2006年には国交成立40周年を記念し、駐日大使館が主催して「ボツワナ・ウィーク」が開催された。また、このパーティーが縁となり、ボツワナ政府はNHKグループに教育専門チャンネル設立の協力を要請し、NHKグループはコンサルタントを派遣し、番組製作のノウハウを教えた。。

2008年1月、ボツワナに日本大使館が開設される。同年6月、民間登用された三井物産（九州支店長）・松山良一が初代特命全権大使に就任した。また、2010年10月にはイアン・カーマ大統領が実務訪問賓客として訪日し、天皇や菅直人首相と会談するなど、極めて友好的な関係にある。

なお、下記のようにボツワナは中所得国に分類され、日本の無償資金協力の供与基準を上回っていることから、多くの近隣諸国と異なり一般無償資金協力事業の対象外となっている。日本からの円借款も環境対策や防災対策などに限られている。

経済

詳細は「ボツワナの経済」を参照

通貨

ボツワナの通貨単位は「プラ」（pula）。国際通貨コード（ISO 4217）は「BWP」。補助通貨単位は「テベ」（thebe）で、1プラ=100テベ。プラとテベはそれぞれ、「P」と「t」に略される。

中所得国

ハボローネ市内のオフィス街

ボツワナは1966年の独立以後、豊かな天然資源と手堅い経済政策、安定した政治状況や高い教育程度に基づき、世界最高水準の経済成長率を1980年代末まで維持し続けた。その結果、他の多くのアフリカ諸国とは異なり「世界最貧国グループ」から抜け出し（1994年に指定解除）、1人あたりGDPはマレーシアやアルゼンチン、ルーマニアなどの他の大陸の工業国と同クラスの世界60位前後に位置し、「中所得国」に分類されるなど、アフリカの優等生といわれ、堅実な経済状況を保ち続けている。

なお、200万人に満たない人口しかないものの、総GDP（為替レート）ははるかに人口が多いグルジアやセネガル、パラグアイなどと同程度の世界100位前後となっている。

産業多角化の推進

2007年度のインフレ率は8.4%と比較的安定している上、同年度の経済成長率は3.8%と安定した経済成長率を保ち続けているものの、ボツワナ銀行の公式発表では失業率が20%を超え、民間の調査結果では40%近いものも報告されていることから、高い国民の教育レベルやインフラストラクチャーの整備をバックに、産業の多角化や外資の積極導入を行い、これを克服しようとしている。

実際に、外資の積極導入を推進するために為替の自由化を導入したほか、外国企業に対する優遇税制の導入や、低い法人税率の導入を実現し、さらに汚職防止策の導入や政府による職業訓練の導入などを進めている。

インフラ整備

これらの堅実な経済状況に伴い、ガスや電気、水道や通信、交通網などの基本インフラストラクチャーや、携帯電話網やITインフラストラクチャーも都市部を中心に整えられている。さらに国内都市部を中心とした高速道路の整備も進められている。

工業・農業

ジワネンダイヤモンド鉱床。

モレミ野生動物保護区内で休むライオンの親子。

農業部門では、自給農業と牛や羊の畜産が中心で、牛肉の輸出の割合が大きい。食品加工などの軽工業は発展しているものの、現在のところ重工業やハイテク産業はほとんど未発達であり、諸外国からの誘致を進めている。

鉱物資源

ダイヤモンド鉱床が1967年に発見されたのに続き、1970年代に多数の鉱床が相次いで発見されたため、ダイヤモンドの採鉱事業は、ボツワナ経済の中心となっている。ダイヤモンドだけで、GDPの3分の1を超え、輸出総額の75%から90%、国の歳入の約半分を占める。その他の鉱物資源としては、銅やニッケルなどがあり、これらの輸出によって外貨を得ている。

DTC

2008年にロンドンにあったデビアスのDTC（ダイヤモンド・トレーディング・カンパニー）をロンドンからボツワナのハボローネに誘致に成功した。その影響で多くの研磨工場が作られた。

観光

オカバンゴ湿地帯やチョベ国立公園、カラハリ砂漠やモレミ野生動物保護区など観光資源が豊富な上に、近隣諸国に比べ治安が良く政情も安定していることや、政府が観光に力を入れている事から観光客が堅実に増加しており、政府主導で国内のホテルの整備を進めるなど更なる観光客の誘致を行っている。

データ

CIA「ザ・ワールド・ファクトブック」による2000年の輸出入データは以下の通り。

• 輸出品目 : ダイヤモンド 90%、銅、ニッケル、ソーダ灰（工業用炭酸ナトリウム）、肉、織物
• 輸出先 : 欧州自由貿易連合 (EFTA) 87%、南部アフリカ関税同盟 (SACU) 7%、ジンバブエ 4%。
• 輸入品目 : 食料品、機械類、電化製品、輸送設備、織物、石油燃料、石油製品、木製品、紙製品、金属、金属製品
• 輸入先 : 南部アフリカ関税同盟 (SACU) 74%、欧州自由貿易連合 (EFTA) 17%、ジンバブエ 4%。

交通

国内

エア・ボツワナのATR42型機。

国内には路線バスや航空機による路線網が整備されている。なお、路線バスや航空網の整備と比べて、国内の鉄道網は余り整備されていないものの、近隣諸国間との国際列車が運行されている。

自家用自動車の普及率が高い上、都市部の道路整備は進んでいるものの、高速道路網の整備は都市部以外に進んでいない。なお、旧宗主国のイギリスや日本同様左側通行である。

国際

ハボローネやマウンなどの複数の都市に国際定期便が乗り入れており、ハボローネのセレツェカーマ国際空港とヨハネスブルグやナイロビの間には頻繁に定期便が運航されている。さらに、隣国の南アフリカやジンバブエとの間には国際列車や定期長距離バスが頻繁に運行されている。

また、現在日本との間には直行便は運航されていないが、ヨーロッパの各都市や南アフリカからエア・ボツワナなどの定期便でハボローネへ入る事が一般的である。

国民

民族

もともとコイサン語族に属する言語を話す人々が住んでいたが、17世紀半ば南部より移動してきたツワナ人が支配した。コイサン系の言語を用いる人々は人口は少ないが現在も国内各地に住んでいる。

彼らは従来、狩猟、採集などの移動生活をしていたが、現在では国による定住政策がかなり進み以前のような生活をしている人は少ない。この国の人口の約79%をツワナ人が占め、ショナ系のカランガ人が11%他にはツワナ人からバサルワと呼ばれるサン人（グイ、ガナ、3%）、ツワナ系だが少数派のカラハリ人と白人などが7%住んでいる。

言語

公用語は英語（話者2.1%）である。一般にツワナ語（78.2%）、ショナ系のカランガ語（7.9%）、ツワナ系のカラハリ語（2.8%）その他（8.6%）が使われており、不明が0.4%。

宗教

伝統信仰とキリスト教がそれぞれ半分程度である。

保健

エイズ（HIV/AIDS）感染率が世界最高（2000年の調査で成人の38.8%）となっている。政府は、国の歳入の多くを失業対策とエイズ対策に注ぎこまざるを得ない状況である。エイズの蔓延の影響で、現在の平均寿命は50歳と非常に短い。なお、衛生状態は近隣諸国に比べ良く、水道水を飲むことも可能である。

教育

詳細は「ボツワナの教育」を参照

ボツワナ政府が教育に力を入れている上に、安定した政治と経済を背景に、公立学校と国立学校、私立学校が全国規模で整備されている。2003年の推計によれば、15歳以上の国民の識字率は81.2%である。これはアフリカ諸国だけでなく、世界でも高い方に分類される。主な高等教育機関としては、ボツワナ大学（1982年開校）が挙げられる。

文化

ツォディロ。

文学

「アフリカ文学」も参照

ボツワナの作家として、法律家でもあるユニティ・ダウや、南アフリカ出身のベッシー・ヘッドなどがいる。

世界遺産

ボツワナ国内には、ユネスコの世界遺産リストに登録された文化遺産が1件存在する。詳細は、ボツワナの世界遺産を参照。

祝祭日

祝日が日曜の場合は翌日が振替休日となる

日付	日本語表記	現地語表記	備考
1月1日-2日	元日
移動祝日	聖金曜日		3月 - 4月
移動祝日	復活祭後月曜日		3月 - 4月
5月1日	メーデー
移動祝日	主の昇天		復活祭の40日後
7月1日	サー・セレツェ・カーマの日		初代大統領の誕生日
7月第3月曜日	大統領の日
大統領の日の翌日	国民の休日		大統領の日とその翌日が休日となる
9月30日	独立記念日
10月1日	国民の休日		独立記念日とその翌日が休日となる
12月25日	クリスマス
12月26日	ボクシングデー

スポーツ

旧宗主国のイギリスの影響を受けてサッカーやゴルフが盛んなほか、学校教育を通じてテニスや空手、ソフトボールなど様々なスポーツが国民に広く行われている。最も盛んに行われているスポーツはサッカーで、国内には16チームからなるアマチュアリーグがある。また、ハボローネ郊外には、ゴルフコースが隣接した本格的なゴルフリゾートホテルもある。

著名な出身者

詳細は「ボツワナ人の一覧」を参照

• ジャイアント・キマラ - プロレスラー
• セレツェ・カーマ - 初代大統領。一代で現在のボツワナの基盤を築いた。

参考文献

この節は執筆中です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。

脚注

関連項目

• ボツワナの歴史
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Republic of Botswana Lefatshe la Botswana  (Tswana)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Pula" (Tswana) "Rain"
Anthem: Fatshe leno la rona  (Tswana) This Land of Ours
Location of  Botswana  (dark blue) – in Africa  (light blue & dark grey) – in the African Union  (light blue)  —  [Legend]
Capital (and largest city)		Gaborone 25°40′S 25°55′E
Official languages		English Setswana
Ethnic groups		79% Batswana 11% Kalanga 3% Basarwa 3% Kgalagadi 3% White African 1% others
Demonym		Batswana Motswana
Government		Parliamentary republic
-	President	Ian Khama
-	Vice President	Ponatshego Kedikilwe
Legislature		National Assembly
Independence
-	from the United Kingdom	30 September 1966
Area
-	Total	581,730 km2 (47th) 224,610 sq mi
-	Water (%)	2.6
Population
-	2010 estimate	2,029,307 (144th)
-	2001 census	1,680,863
-	Density	3.4/km2 (229th) 8.9/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2011 estimate
-	Total	$29.707 billion
-	Per capita	$16,029
GDP (nominal)		2011 estimate
-	Total	$17.570 billion
-	Per capita	$9,480
Gini (1993)		63 (high)
HDI (2010)		0.633 (medium) (98th)
Currency		Pula (BWP)
Time zone		Central Africa Time (UTC+2)
-	Summer (DST)	not observed (UTC)
Drives on the		left
ISO 3166 code		BW
Internet TLD		.bw
Calling code		+267

Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana (Tswana: Lefatshe la Botswana), is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa. The citizens refer to themselves as "Batswana" (singular: Motswana), but many English-language sources use "Botswanan" instead. Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966. It has held free and fair democratic elections since independence.

Botswana is flat, and up to 70% is covered by the Kalahari Desert. It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, Namibia to the west and north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast. Its border with Zambia to the north near Kazungula, Zambia is poorly defined but at most is a few hundred meters long.

A mid-sized country of just over two million people, Botswana is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. Botswana was one of the poorest countries in Africa when it gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1966, with a GDP per capita of about US$70. Botswana has since transformed itself, becoming one of the fastest-growing economies in the world to a GDP (purchasing power parity) per capita of about $14,000. The country also has a strong tradition as a representative democracy.

History

Main article: History of Botswana

Part of a series on the
History of Botswana
Bantu expansion Tswana people Griqua people Stellaland Bechuanaland Protectorate Bechuanaland postage stamps Republic of Botswana
See also
History of Gaborone
Botswana portal

Department of Taxes and Attorney General's Chambers Building (left) and Ministry of Health Building (right) in Gaborone, Botswana

In the 19th century, hostilities broke out between Tswana inhabitants of Botswana and Ndebele tribes who were making incursions into the territory from the north-east. Tensions also escalated with the Dutch Boer settlers from the Transvaal to the east. After appeals by the Batswana leaders Khama III, Bathoen and Sebele for assistance, the British Government put "Bechuanaland" under its protection on 31 March 1885. The northern territory remained under direct administration as the Bechuanaland Protectorate and is modern-day Botswana, while the southern territory became part of the Cape Colony and is now part of the northwest province of South Africa. The majority of Setswana-speaking people today live in South Africa.

When the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910 out of the main British colonies in the region, the Bechuanaland Protectorate, Basutoland (now Lesotho) and Swaziland (the "High Commission Territories") were not included, but provision was made for their later incorporation. However, their inhabitants began to be consulted by the UK, and although successive South African governments sought to have the territories transferred, the UK kept delaying; consequently, it never occurred. The election of the Nationalist government in 1948, which instituted apartheid, and South Africa's withdrawal from the Commonwealth in 1961, ended any prospect of incorporation of the territories into South Africa. An expansion of British central authority and the evolution of tribal government resulted in the 1920 establishment of two advisory councils to represent both Africans and Europeans. Proclamations in 1934 regulated tribal rule and powers. A European-African advisory council was formed in 1951, and the 1961 constitution established a consultative legislative council.

In June 1964, the UK accepted proposals for a democratic self-government in Botswana. The seat of government was moved in 1965 from Mafikeng in South Africa, to the newly established Gaborone, which sits near its border. The 1965 constitution led to the first general elections and to independence on 30 September 1966. Seretse Khama, a leader in the independence movement and the legitimate claimant to the Ngwato chiefship, was elected as the first president, re-elected twice.

The presidency passed to the sitting vice president, Quett Masire, who was elected in his own right in 1984 and re-elected in 1989 and 1994. Masire retired from office in 1998. The presidency passed to the sitting vice president, Festus Mogae, who was elected in his own right in 1999 and re-elected in 2004. The presidency passed in 2008 to Ian Khama (son of the first president), who had been serving as Mogae's Vice President since resigning his position in 1998 as Commander of the Botswana Defence Force to take up this civilian role.

A long-running dispute over the northern border with Namibia's Caprivi Strip was the subject of a ruling by the International Court of Justice in December 1999, which ruled that Kasikili Island belongs to Botswana.

Politics and government

Main articles: Politics of Botswana and Human rights in Botswana

See also: Foreign relations of Botswana

The politics of Botswana take place in a framework of a representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Botswana is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Parliament of Botswana. The most recent election, its tenth, was held on 16 October 2009.

Since independence was declared, the party system has been dominated by the Botswana Democratic Party. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. According to Transparency International, Botswana is the least corrupt country in Africa and ranks similarly close to Portugal and South Korea. Nevertheless the country is considered to have the most secretive public institutions in Africa. The national anthem is Fatshe leno la rona.

Administrative divisions

Main articles: Districts of Botswana and Sub-districts of Botswana

Botswana is divided into 10 districts.

1. Central District
2. Chobe District
3. Ghanzi District
4. Kgalagadi District
5. Kgatleng District
6. Kweneng District
7. Ngamiland District
8. North-East District
9. South-East District
10. Southern District

Botswana is further divided into 15 councils which includes the 10 districts councils from the 10 districts plus some councils from urban or town councils being:

1. Gaborone City
2. Francistown City of,
3. Lobatse Town
4. Selebi-Phikwe Town
5. Jwaneng Town
6. Sowa Township

North-West District

Ghanzi District

Kgatleng District

South-East District

Central District

North-East District

Kgalagadi District

Southern
District

Kweneng District

Gaborone*

Francistown *

* Lobatse

* Selebi-Phikwe

Jwaneng *

Sowa *

Geography

Main articles: Geography of Botswana and Climate of Botswana

Map of Botswana

A lechwe in the Okavango Delta

At 600,370 km² (231,804 sq mi) Botswana is the world's 47th-largest country (after Ukraine). It is comparable in size to Madagascar, and is slightly smaller than the U.S. state of Texas or the Canadian province of Manitoba. It lies between latitudes 17° and 27°S, and longitudes 20° and 30°E.

The country is predominantly flat, tending toward gently rolling tableland. Botswana is dominated by the Kalahari Desert, which covers up to 70% of its land surface. The Okavango Delta, the world's largest inland delta, is in the northwest. The Makgadikgadi Pan, a large salt pan, lies in the north.

The Limpopo River Basin, the major landform of all of southern Africa, lies partly in Botswana, with the basins of its tributaries, the Notwane, Bonwapitse, Mahalapswe, Lotsane, Motloutse and the Shashe, located in the eastern part of the country. The Notwane provides water to the capital through the Gaborone Dam. The Chobe River lies to the north, providing a boundary between Botswana and Namibia, in the Caprivi Region. The Chobe River meets with the Zambezi River at a place called Kazungula (meaning a small sausage tree, a point where Sebitwane and his Makololo tribe crossed the Zambezi into Zambia).

Ecology

Botswana has diverse areas of wildlife habitat. In addition to the delta and desert areas, there are grasslands and savannas, where Blue Wildebeest, antelopes, and other mammals and birds are found. Northern Botswana has one of the few remaining large populations of the endangered African Wild Dog. Chobe National Park, found in the Chobe District, has the world's largest concentration of African elephants. The park covers about 11,000 km² (4,247 sq mi) and supports about 350 species of birds.

Sunrise in Botswana

The Chobe National Park and Moremi Game Reserve (in the Okavango Delta) are major tourist destinations. Other reserves include the Central Kalahari Game Reserve located in the Kalahari desert in Ghanzi District; Makgadikgadi Pans National Park and Nxai Pan National Park are in Central District in the Makgadikgadi Pan. Mashatu Game Reserve is privately owned: located where the Shashe River and Limpopo River meet in eastern Botswana. The other privately owned reserve is Mokolodi Nature Reserve near Gaborone. There are also specialised sanctuaries like the Khama Rhino Sanctuary (for Rhinoceros) and Makgadikgadi Sanctuary (for Flamingos). They are both located in Central District.

Environmental problems

Moremi Gorge, in the Tswapong Hills east of Palapye, Botswana. The porous rock absorbs rainwater, which then seeps out forming permanent cascades and pools. The hills provide one of Botswana's two breeding sites for the endangered cape vulture.

Tourists at Chobe National Park

A baobab tree (Adansonia digitata)

Botswana is currently facing two major environmental problems: drought and desertification. The desertification problems predominantly stem from the severe times of drought in the country. Due to the drought, 75% of the country’s human and animal populations are dependent on groundwater. Groundwater use has eased the effects of drought, but has left a toll on the land. Groundwater is retrieved through drilling deep boreholes, which leads to the erosion of the land. Surface water is very scarce in Botswana and less than 5% of the agriculture in the country is sustainable by rainfall. Due to this 95% of the country raises cattle and livestock as a means for an income. Therefore, it is not a surprise to see that 71% of the country’s land is used for communal grazing, which has been a major cause for the desertification of the country.

Since raising livestock has proven to be profitable for the people of Botswana, the land is continuing to be exploited. The animal populations have continued to dramatically increase. From 1966 to 1991 the livestock population has increased from 1.7 million to 5.5 million. Similarly, the human population has increased from 574,000 in 1971 to 1.5 million in 1995, nearly a 200% increase. “Over 50% of all households in Botswana own cattle, which is currently the largest single source of rural income”. “Rangeland degradation or desertification is regarded as the reduction in land productivity as a result of overstocking and overgrazing or as a result of veld product gathering for commercial use. Degradation is exacerbated by the effects of drought and climate change”. It has been reported that the Okavango Delta is drying up due to the increased grazing of livestock. The Okavango Delta is one of the major semi-forested wetlands in Botswana and is the largest inland delta in the world; it is a crucial ecosystem to the survival of many animals.

The Department of Forestry and Range Resources has already begun to implement a project to reintroduce indigenous vegetation into communities in Kgalagadi South, Kweneng North and Boteti. Reintroduction of indigenous vegetation will help with the degradation of the land. The United States Government has also entered into an agreement with Botswana, giving them $7 million US dollars to reduce Botswana’s debt by $8.3 million US dollars. The stipulation of the US reducing Botswana’s debt is that Botswana will focus on more extensive conservation of the land.

The United Nations Development Programme claims that a major problem behind the overexploitation of resources, including land, in Botswana, is due to the poverty level. To help change this the UNDP joined in with a project started in the southern community of Struizendam in Botswana. The purpose of the project is to draw from “indigenous knowledge and traditional land management systems”. The leaders of this movement are supposed to be the people in the community, to draw them in, in turn increasing their possibilities to earn an income and thus decreasing poverty. The UNDP also stated that the government has to effectively implement policies to allow people to manage their own local resources and are giving the government information to help with policy development

Defence

Main article: Botswana Defence Force

At the time of independence, Botswana had no armed forces. It was only after the Rhodesian and South African militaries struck respectively against ZIPRA and MK bases that the Botswana Defence Force (BDF) was formed in 1977.^{[citation needed]} The president is commander in chief and appoints a defence council. The BDF has approximately 12,000 members.

Following political changes in South Africa and the region, the BDF's missions have increasingly focused on prevention of poaching, preparing for disasters, and foreign peacekeeping. The United States has been the largest single foreign contributor to the development of the BDF, and a large segment of its officer corps has received U.S. training. It is considered an apolitical and professional institution^{[citation needed]}.

The Botswana government gave the United States the green light to explore the possibility of establishing an Africa Command (Africom) base in the country. This fueled protests by the South African ANC youth organization^{[citation needed]}.

Economy

Mochudi, one of the larger villages in Botswana

Graphical depiction of Botswana's product exports in 28 color coded categories.

An aerial view over Gaborone, Botswana

Headquarters of Debswana Diamond Company Ltd in Gaborone, Botswana

Main article: Economy of Botswana

Since independence, Botswana has had one of the fastest growth rates in per capita income in the world. Botswana has transformed itself from one of the poorest countries in the world to a middle-income country. By one estimate, it has the fourth highest gross national income at purchasing power parity in Africa, giving it a standard of living around that of Mexico and Turkey.

According to the International Monetary Fund, economic growth averaged over 9% per year from 1966 to 1999. Botswana has a high level of economic freedom compared to other African countries. The government has maintained a sound fiscal policy, despite consecutive budget deficits in 2002 and 2003, and a negligible level of foreign debt. It earned the highest sovereign credit rating in Africa and has stockpiled foreign exchange reserves (over $7 billion in 2005/2006) amounting to almost two and a half years of current imports.

Debswana, the largest diamond mining company operating in Botswana, is 50% owned by the government. The mineral industry provides about 40% of all government revenues. In 2007, significant quantities of uranium were discovered, and mining was projected to begin by 2010. Several international mining corporations have established regional headquarters in Botswana, and prospected for diamonds, gold, uranium, copper, and even oil, many coming back with positive results. Government announced in early 2009 that they would try and shift their economic dependence on diamonds, over serious concern that diamonds are predicted to dry out in Botswana over the next twenty years.

Botswana's trading partners in 2004.

An array of financial institutions populates the country’s financial system, with pension funds and commercial banks being the two most important segments by asset size. Banks remain profitable, well-capitalized, and liquid, as a result of growing national resources and high interest rates.

Botswana’s competitive banking system is one of Africa’s most advanced. Generally adhering to global standards in the transparency of financial policies and banking supervision, the financial sector provides ample access to credit for entrepreneurs.^{[citation needed]} The opening of Capital Bank in 2008 brought the total number of licensed banks to eight.^{[citation needed]} The government is involved in banking through state-owned financial institutions and a special financial incentives program that is aimed at increasing Botswana’s status as a financial centre.^{[citation needed]} Credit is allocated on market terms, although the government provides subsidized loans.^{[citation needed]} Reform of non-bank financial institutions has continued in recent years, notably through the establishment of a single financial regulatory agency that provides more effective supervision.^{[citation needed]} The government has abolished exchange controls, and with the resulting creation of new portfolio investment options, the Botswana Stock Exchange is growing.^{[citation needed]}

The constitution prohibits the nationalization of private property and provides for an independent judiciary, and the government respects this in practice. The legal system is sufficient to conduct secure commercial dealings, although a serious and growing backlog of cases prevents timely trials. The protection of intellectual property rights has improved significantly. Botswana is ranked second only to South Africa among sub-Saharan Africa countries in the 2009 International Property Rights Index.

While generally open to foreign participation in its economy, Botswana reserves a number of sectors for citizen participation. Increased foreign investment plays a significant role in the privatization of state-owned enterprises. Investment regulations are transparent, and bureaucratic procedures are streamlined and open, although somewhat slow. Investment returns such as profits and dividends, debt service, capital gains, returns on intellectual property, royalties, franchise's fees, and service fees can be repatriated without limits.

Energy

Main article: Energy in Botswana

Botswana imports refined petroleum products and electricity from South Africa. There is some domestic production of electricity from coal. In spite of one the highest insolation levels in the world, Botswana has no significant solar energy capacity.

Demographics

Starting fire by hand. Bushmen in Botswana.

A girl in the Okavango Delta.

Main article: Demographics of Botswana

Botswana's main ethnic groups are Batswana, BaKalanga, Bushmen or AbaThwa also known as Basarwa. Other tribes are Bayei, Bambukushu, Basubia, Baherero and Bakgalagadi. Other groups of ethnicities in Botswana include whites and Indians, both groups being roughly equally small in number. Botswana's Indian population is made up of many Indian-Africans of several generations, from Mozambique, Kenya, Tanzania, Mauritius, South Africa, and so on, as well as first generation Indian immigrants. The white population is native to Botswana or from other parts of Africa including Zimbabwe and South Africa. The white population speaks either English or Afrikaans and makes up roughly 3% of the population.

Since 2000, because of deteriorating economic conditions in Zimbabwe, the number of Zimbabweans in Botswana has risen into the tens of thousands.

Fewer than 10,000 Bushmen are still living the traditional hunter-gatherer style of life. Since the mid-1990s the central government of Botswana has been trying to move San out of their lands. The UN's top official on indigenous rights, Prof. James Anaya, has condemned Botswana's persecution of the Bushmen in a report released in February 2010.

Language

Main articles: Languages of Botswana and Setswana

A rondavel at Khutse Kalahari Lodge, Botswana.

The official language of Botswana is English although Setswana is widely spoken across the country. In Setswana prefixes are more important than they are in many other languages. These prefixes include "Bo", which refers to the country, "Ba", which refers to the people, "Mo", which is one person, and "Se" which is the language. For example, the main tribe of Botswana is the Tswana people, hence the name Botswana for its country. The people as a whole are Batswana, one person is a Motswana, and the language they speak is Setswana. Other languages spoken in Botswana include, Kalanga(sekalanga), Sarwa (sesarwa), Ndebele and in some parts Afrikaans.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Botswana

Religion in Botswana
religion			percent
Christianity			71.6%
None			20.6%
Indigenous			6%
Other			1.4%
Unspecified			0.4%

An estimated 70% of the country's citizens identify themselves as Christians. Anglicans, Methodists, and the United Congregational Church of Southern Africa make up the majority of Christians. There are also congregations of Lutherans, Roman Catholics, Seventh-day Adventists, Baptists, the Dutch Reformed Church, Mennonites, Mormons, Jehovah's Witnesses, and other Christian sects.

According to the 2001 census, the country has around 5,000 Muslims, 3,000 Hindus and 700 Baha'is, all mainly from South Asia. Approximately 20% of citizens espouse no religion. Religious services are well attended in both rural and urban areas.

Health

Main article: Health in Botswana

Life expectancy at birth was 55 in 2009 according to the World Bank, having previously fallen from a peak of 64.1 in 1990 to a low of 49 in 2002.

HIV/AIDS

Life expectancy in several African countries from 1958 to 2003. Botswana had the highest life expectancy until HIV/AIDS began to reduce it in the late 1980s.

Main article: HIV/AIDS in Botswana

Like elsewhere in Sub-Saharan Africa, the economic impact of AIDS is considerable. Economic development spending was cut by 10% in 2002–3 as a result of recurring budget deficits and rising expenditure on healthcare services. Botswana has been hit very hard by the AIDS pandemic; in 2006 it was estimated that life expectancy at birth had dropped from 65 to 35 years.

The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Botswana was estimated at 24% for adults in 2006. In 2003, the government began a comprehensive program involving free or cheap generic anti-retroviral drugs as well as an information campaign designed to stop the spread of the virus. Under the leadership of Festus Mogae, the Government of Botswana solicited outside help in fighting HIV/AIDS and received early support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Merck Foundation, and together formed the African Comprehensive HIV AIDS Partnership (ACHAP). Other early partners include the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute, of the Harvard School of Public Health and the Botswana-UPenn Partnership of the University of Pennsylvania. According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, universal access to treatment – as defined as 80% coverage or greater – has been achieved in Botswana.

Concurrent sexual partnerships, transactional sex, cross-generational sex, and a significant numbers of people who have traveled outside of their local communities in pursuit of work, are potential reasons for the high HIV prevalence. The promiscuous nature of many sexual relationships further impacts the health situation^{[citation needed]}; so much so that it has given rise to a Love Vocabulary that is unique to the region.

Approximately one in six Batswana has HIV, giving Botswana the second highest infection rate in the world after nearby Swaziland. The government recognizes that AIDS will affect the economy and is trying to combat the epidemic, including free anti-retroviral drug treatment and a nation-wide Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission program. Botswana has reduced HIV transmission from infected mothers to their children from about 40% to just 4%.

Cancer

The Cancer Association of Botswana is a voluntary non-governmental organization. The association is a member of the Union for International Cancer Control. The Association supplements existing services through provision of cancer prevention and health awareness programmes, facilitating access to health services for cancer patients and offering support and counseling to those affected.

Education

Residential hall of the University of Botswana in Gaborone, Botswana

Main article: Education in Botswana

Botswana has made great strides in educational development since independence in 1966^{[citation needed]}. At that time there were very few graduates in the country and only a very small percentage of the population attended secondary school. Botswana increased its adult literacy rate from 69% in 1991 to 83% in 2008.

With the discovery of diamonds and the increase in government revenue that this brought, there was a huge increase in educational provision in the country. All students were guaranteed ten years of basic education, leading to a Junior Certificate qualification. Approximately half of the school population attends a further two years of secondary schooling leading to the award of the Botswana General Certificate of Secondary Education (BGCSE). Secondary education in Botswana is neither free nor compulsory.

After leaving school, students can attend one of the six technical colleges in the country, or take vocational training courses in teaching or nursing. The best students enter the University of Botswana, Botswana College of Agriculture [1], and The Botswana Accountancy College in Gaborone. Many other students end up in the numerous private tertiary education colleges around the country. A high majority of these students are government sponsored. A larger influx of tertiary students is expected when construction of the nation's second international university, The Botswana International University of Science and Technology, is completed in Palapye.

One notable International University is Limkokwing University of Creative Technology that offers various Associate Degree(s) in Creative Arts. This has helped many youths develop and create their own businesses across the country.

The quantitative gains have not always been matched by qualitative ones. Primary schools in particular still lack resources, and the teachers are less well paid than their secondary school colleagues. The Botswana Ministry of Education is working to establish libraries in primary schools in partnership with the African Library Project. The Government of Botswana hopes that by investing a large part of national income in education, the country will become less dependent on diamonds for its economic survival, and less dependent on expatriates for its skilled workers.^{[citation needed]} Botswana invests 21% of its government spending in education.

In January 2006, Botswana announced the reintroduction of school fees after two decades of free state education though the government still provides full scholarships with living expenses to any Botswana citizen in university, either at the University of Botswana or if the student wishes to pursue an education in any field not offered locally, such as medicine, they are provided with a full scholarship to study abroad.

Sports

See also: Botswana at the Olympics

Football is the most popular sport in Botswana, with qualification for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations being the biggest achievement to date. Other popular sports are cricket, tennis, rugby, softball, handball, golf and track and field. Botswana is an associate member of the International Cricket Council.

Botswana won its first Olympic medal in 2012 when Nijel Amos won silver in the 800 metres. In 2011 Amantle Montsho became world champion in the 400 metres and won Botswana's first athletics medal on the world level. Another famous Botswana athlete is high jumper Kabelo Kgosiemang, three times African champion.

The card game bridge has a strong following; it was first played in Botswana over 30 years ago and grew in popularity during the 1980s. Many British expatriate school teachers informally taught the game in Botswana’s secondary schools. The Botswana Bridge Federation (BBF) was founded in 1988 and continues to organize tournaments. Bridge has remained popular and the BBF has over 800 members. In 2007, the BBF invited the English Bridge Union to host a week-long teaching program in May 2008.

Culture

Rock paintings of Tsodilo Hills

Main article: Culture of Botswana

Itseng Kgomotso, Miss Botswana 2008, during Miss World 2008

Besides referring to the language of the dominant people groups in Botswana, Setswana is the adjective used to describe the rich cultural traditions of the Batswana-whether construed as members of the Tswana ethnic groups or of all citizens of Botswana. The Scottish writer Alexander McCall Smith has written a number of popular novels (No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency series) about Botswana that entertain as well as inform the reader about the culture and customs of Botswana.

Music

Main article: Music of Botswana

Tswana music is mostly vocal and performed without drums; it also makes heavy use of string instruments. Tswana folk music has instruments such as Setinkane, Segankure/Segaba, and for the last few decades, the guitar has been celebrated as a versatile music instrument for Tswana music.

Visual arts

Main article: Art of Botswana

In the northern part of Botswana, women in the villages of Etsha and Gumare are noted for their skill at crafting baskets from Mokola Palm and local dyes. The baskets are generally woven into three types: large, lidded baskets used for storage, large, open baskets for carrying objects on the head or for winnowing threshed grain, and smaller plates for winnowing pounded grain. The artistry of these baskets is being steadily enhanced through color use and improved designs as they are increasingly produced for commercial use.

Other notable artistic communities include Thamaga Pottery and Oodi Weavers, both located in the southeastern part of Botswana.

The oldest paintings from both Botswana and South Africa depict hunting, animal and human figures, and were made by the Khoisan (!Kung San/Bushmen) over twenty thousand years ago within the Kalahari desert.

In addition to these more traditional arts there are a number of extremely talented artists who use modern means to express themselves. There are a few galleries around Botswana that display paintings and sculptures. Some pieces are inspired by the beautiful Botswana landscapes and others by the people themselves.

Cuisine

Boerewors

Main article: Cuisine of Botswana

The cuisine of Botswana is unique but also shares some characteristics with other cuisine of Southern Africa. Examples of Botswana food are Pap, Boerewors, Samp, Vetkoek and Mopane worms. A food unique to Botswana includes Seswaa, heavily salted mashed-up meat.

Holidays

Main article: Public holidays in Botswana

Date	English name	Local name
1 January	New Year's Day	Ngwaga o mosha'"Gole dzwa in kalanga"
2 January	Public Holiday
varies	Good Friday	Labotlhano yo o molemo'
	Easter Monday
varies	Ascension Day	Tlhatlogo
1 July	Sir Seretse Khama Day
19 July	President's Day	tsatsi la ga tautona
20 July	Public Holiday
30 September	Independence Day	Boipuso
25 December	Christmas	Keresemose"khisimose in kalanga"
26 December/27 December	Boxing Day
The first Monday after Christmas is also a Public Holiday.

See also

• Outline of Botswana
• Commonwealth of Nations
• Communications in Botswana
• Cuisine of Botswana
• Postage stamps and postal history of Bechuanaland Protectorate
• Transport in Botswana
• Tuli block

Notes and references

Further reading

• Denbow, James & Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33178-2.

External links

• http://www.botswanaportal.com
• Official website
• Botswana entry at The World Factbook
• Botswana from UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Botswana at the Open Directory Project
• Botswana from the BBC News
• Wikimedia Atlas of Botswana
• Key Development Forecasts for Botswana from International Futures

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• 1. サハラ以南アフリカへの旅行によって感染する可能性のある疾患 diseases potentially acquired by travel to sub saharan africa
• 2. 世界的なヒト免疫不全ウイルスの大流行 the global human immunodeficiency virus pandemic
• 3. マンソネラ感染症 mansonella infections
• 4. アフリカ・トリパノソーマ症の疫学、病因、および予防 epidemiology pathogenesis and prevention of african trypanosomiasis
• 5. チクングンヤ熱 chikungunya fever

English Journal

• Erylivingstone A-C with antioxidant and antibacterial activities from Erythrina livingstoniana.

• Bedane KG1, Kusari S2, Eckelmann D2, Masesane IB1, Spiteller M3, Majinda RR4.
• Fitoterapia.Fitoterapia.2015 Sep;105:113-8. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.06.016. Epub 2015 Jun 21.
• The chemical study of Erythrina livingstoniana has led to the isolation of three new flavanones namely 5,7,3'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-5'-formylflavanone (erylivingstone A) (1), 5,7,3'-trihydroxy-5'-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbut-3-enyl)-4'-methoxyflavanone (erylivingstone B) (2) and 5,7,3'-trihydroxy-5'-(3-hy
• PMID 26107527

• The triad of Iron deficiency anemia, hepatosplenomegaly and growth retardation with normal serum zinc levels in a 14-year-old boy.

• Rwegerera GM1, Joel DR, Bakilana C, Maruza MP.
• Nigerian journal of clinical practice.Niger J Clin Pract.2015 Sep-Oct;18(5):690-2. doi: 10.4103/1119-3077.151802.
• A triad of iron deficiency anemia, hepatosplenomegaly and growth retardation occurring in tandem with zinc deficiency has been reported in the past as components of either Prasad's syndrome or hypopituitarism. There are no documented cases of such triad occurring in the presence of normal serum zinc
• PMID 26096252

• Personal views about womanhood amongst women living with HIV in Botswana.

• Schaan MM1, Taylor M, Gungqisa N, Marlink R.
• Culture, health & sexuality.Cult Health Sex.2015 Aug 25:1-13. [Epub ahead of print]
• The social construction of womanhood in Africa can be said to have two central defining elements: being a wife and being a mother. The interplay between HIV and these elements is not well understood outside of prevention efforts. We conducted a qualitative study of womanhood in Botswana; specificall
• PMID 26305285

Japanese Journal

• Factors influencing blood pressure status amongst women living in urban settings in Botswana

• MIZUMOTO Kaori,NNYEPI Maria S.,NAKAMURA Yasuhide
• 福岡女子大学人間環境学部紀要 42, 29-35, 2011-03-31
• NAID 110008462914

• Local Governance Institutions and Land Reform in the North East District of Botswana <Article>

• Manatsha Boga Thura,Maharjan Keshav Lall
• 国際協力研究誌 17(2), 115-127, 2011-03
• … This article examines the role of local governance institutions in the land reform programme in the North East District of Botswana. …
• NAID 120002970946

Related Links

• Home | EMBASSY OF BOTSWANA, JAPAN

Embassy of Botswana in Tokyo, with tourism, trade and investment information.

• EMBASSY OF BOTSWANA WEBSITE,.JAPAN

EMBASSY OF BOTSWANA WEBSITE,.JAPAN

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