Biblical Aramaic

　

WordNet

1. the form of Aramaic that was spoken in Palestine in the time of the New Testament
2. of or relating to the ancient Aramaic languages
3. an alphabetical (or perhaps syllabic) script used since the 9th century BC to write the Aramaic language; many other scripts were subsequently derived from it (同)Aramaic script
4. a Semitic language originally of the ancient Arameans but still spoken by other people in southwestern Asia
5. in keeping with the nature of the Bible or its times or people; "biblical styles in writing"; "a beard of biblical proportions"; "biblical costumes"
6. of or pertaining to or contained in or in accordance with the Bible; "biblical names"; "biblical Hebrew" (同)scriptural

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. アラム語(セム語の一種でイエスキリストの時代にPalestine一帯で使用された)
2. 《時にb-》聖書の;(人名・句など)聖書から出た

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/17 02:25:39」(JST)

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For the use of Aramaic in the Christian Bible, see Aramaic of Jesus.

Biblical Aramaic is the form of the Aramaic language that is used in the books of Daniel, Ezra and a few other places in the Hebrew Bible. It should not be confused with the Aramaic paraphrases, explanations, and expansions of the Jewish scriptures known as targumim.

History

As Old Aramaic had served as a lingua franca in the Neo-Assyrian Empire from the 8th century BCE, linguistic contact with even the oldest stages of Biblical Hebrew are easily accounted for.

In 2 Kings 18:26, the linguistic situation is directly referred to, as Jerusalem (during the reign of Hezekiah) was besieged by the army of Sennacherib in 701 BCE. The 2 Kings account sets the meeting of the ambassadors of both camps just outside the city walls. Hezekiah's envoys pleaded that the Assyrians make terms in Aramaic so that the people listening would not understand. Thus, Aramaic had become the language of international dialogue, but not of the common people.

During the Babylonian exile, Aramaic became the language spoken by the Jews, and the Aramaic square script replaced the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet. After the Persian Empire's capture of Babylon, it became the language of culture and learning. King Darius I declared that Aramaic was to be the official language of the western half of his empire in 500 BCE, and it is this Imperial Aramaic language that forms the basis of Biblical Aramaic. Biblical Hebrew was gradually reduced to the status of a liturgical language and a language of theological learning, and the Jews of the Second Temple period would have spoken a western form of Old Aramaic until their partial Hellenization from the 3rd century BCE, and the eventual emergence of Middle Aramaic in the 3rd century CE.

Biblical Aramaic's relative chronology has mostly been debated in the context of dating the Book of Daniel. In 1929, Rowley argued that the origin must be later than the 6th century BCE and that the language was more similar to the Targums than the Imperial Aramaic documents available at his time. Others have argued that the language most closely resembles the 5th century Elephantine papyri and is therefore a good representative of typical Imperial Aramaic. Kenneth Kitchen takes an agnostic position, stating that the Aramaic of the Book of Daniel is compatible with any period from the 5th to early 2nd century BCE.

Aramaic and Hebrew

Biblical Hebrew is the main language of the Hebrew Bible. Aramaic only accounts for about 250 verses out of a total of over 23,000. Biblical Aramaic is closely related to Hebrew as both are in the Northwest Semitic language family. Some obvious similarities and differences are listed below.

Similarities

• Same Aramaic square script (which was adopted to write Hebrew in place of the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet found in earlier inscriptions).
• The system of vocalization used is the same for the portions of the Bible written in Hebrew and those written in Aramaic
• Verb systems are based on triconsonantal roots.
• Similar functions of the verbal conjugations.
• Different letters in each alphabet are sometimes used to make the same sound.
• Nouns have three states: the absolute, construct, and emphatic.

Differences

• The definite article is a suffixed -ā (א) in Aramaic, but a prefixed h- (ה) in Hebrew.
• Aramaic is not a Canaanite language and thus did not experience the Canaanite vowel shift from *ā to ō.
• The preposition dalet functions as a conjunction and is often used instead of the construct to indicate the genitive/possessive relationship.

Phonology

Proto-Semitic	Hebrew	Aramaic
ð, δ	ז	ד
z	ז
t	ת
θ	שׁ	ת
ś	שׂ
š	שׁ
s	ס
θ̣	צ	ט
ṣ	צ
ṣ́	צ	ק, ע

Aramaic in the Hebrew Bible

Undisputed occurrences

• Genesis 31:47 – translation of a Hebrew place-name.
• Jeremiah 10:11 – a single sentence denouncing idolatry occurs in the middle of a Hebrew text.
• Daniel 2:4b–7:28 – five stories about Daniel and his colleagues, and an apocalyptic vision.
• Ezra 4:8–6:18 and 7:12–26 – quotations of documents from the 5th century BCE concerning the restoration of the Temple in Jerusalem.

Other suggested occurrences

• Genesis 15:1 – the word במחזה (ba-maħaze, "in a vision"). According to the Zohar (I:88b), this word is Aramaic, as the usual Hebrew word would be במראה (ba-mar’e).
• Numbers 23:10 – the word רבע (rôḇa‘, usually translated as "stock" or "fourth part"). Rabbi J.H. Hertz, in his commentary on this verse, cites an unnamed scholar's claim that this is an Aramaic word meaning "dust."
• Job 36:2a – Rashi, in his commentary on this verse, states that this phrase is in Aramaic.

See also

• Israelian Hebrew
• Language of Jesus

Notes

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Japanese Journal

• 聖書ヘブライ語動詞[Hatat]の意味成分分析と中世ユダヤ教注解者の解釈法

• 阿部 望
• マテシス・ウニウェルサリス 11(1), 1-26, 2009-11
• NAID 40016938694

• アッカド・アラム両言語による書簡の比較研究

• 守屋 彰夫
• 東京女子大学比較文化研究所紀要 59, 47-68, 1998
• … Studies in ancient epistolography have been systematically undertaken since a conference on ancient letter writing at the annual convention of the Society of Biblical Literature held in 1973. … Along with this current, various projects have shed light on the epistolary features of letters written in Hebrew, Aramaic, Ugaritic, Akkadian, Egyptian, Greek, and Latin. …
• NAID 110007176204

Related Links

• Biblical Aramaic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Biblical Aramaic is the form of the Aramaic language that is used in the books of Daniel, Ezra and a few other places in the Hebrew Bible and should not be confused with the Aramaic translations of the Hebrew Bible known as targumim. ...