WordNet
- a pattern of symptoms indicative of some disease
- a complex of concurrent things; "every word has a syndrome of meanings"
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (疾患の徴候となる一群の)症徴候,症候群 / (事件・社会的状態などのパターンを示す)徴候形態
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/12/07 10:27:19」(JST)
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| Barrett's oesophagus | |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | Barrett's oesophagus, Barrett syndrome, Barrett esophagus, columnar epithelium lined lower oesophagus (CELLO) |
| Endoscopic image of Barrett's esophagus, which is the area of red mucosa projecting like a tongue. Biopsies showed intestinal metaplasia. | |
| Specialty | gastroenterology |
| Symptoms | nausea |
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[edit on Wikidata]
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Barrett's esophagus refers to an abnormal change (metaplasia) in the cells of the lower portion of the esophagus. It is characterized by the replacement of the normal stratified squamous epithelium lining of the esophagus by simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells (which are usually found lower in the gastrointestinal tract). The medical significance of Barrett's esophagus is its strong association (0.1 per 1 cm Prague C>M> total segment length per patient-year) with esophageal adenocarcinoma, a very often deadly cancer,[1][2] because of which it is considered to be a premalignant condition.
The main cause of Barrett's esophagus is thought to be an adaptation to chronic acid exposure from reflux esophagitis.[3] The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has increased substantially in the Western world in recent years.[1] The condition is found in 5–15% of patients who seek medical care for heartburn (gastroesophageal reflux disease), although a large subgroup of patients with Barrett's esophagus do not have symptoms.[1] Diagnosis requires endoscopy (more specifically, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, a procedure in which a fibreoptic cable is inserted through the mouth to examine the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum) and biopsy. The cells of Barrett's esophagus, after biopsy, are classified into four general categories: nondysplastic, low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia, and frank carcinoma. High-grade dysplasia and early stages of adenocarcinoma can be treated by endoscopic resection and new endoscopic therapies such as radiofrequency ablation, whereas advanced stages (submucosal) are generally advised to undergo surgical treatment. Nondysplastic and low-grade patients are generally advised to undergo annual observation with endoscopy, with radiofrequency ablation as a therapeutic option. In high-grade dysplasia, the risk of developing cancer might be at 10% per patient-year or greater.[1]
The condition is named after the Australian-born British thoracic surgeon Norman Barrett (1903–1979), who described it in 1950.[4]
Those with the eating disorder bulimia are more likely to develop Barrett’s esophagus because bulimia can cause severe acid reflux (and purging obviously floods the esophagus with acid the same way acid reflux disease would).[5][6]
Contents
- 1 Signs and symptoms
- 2 Pathophysiology
- 3 Diagnosis
- 3.1 Screening
- 3.2 Intestinal metaplasia
- 3.3 Epithelial dysplasia
- 4 Management
- 5 Prognosis
- 6 Epidemiology
- 7 History
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Signs and symptoms
The change from normal to premalignant cells that indicate Barrett's esophagus does not cause any particular symptoms. Barrett's esophagus, however, is associated with these symptoms:
- frequent and longstanding heartburn
- trouble swallowing (dysphagia)
- vomiting blood (hematemesis)
- pain under the sternum where the esophagus meets the stomach
- unintentional weight loss because eating is painful (odynophagia)
The risk of developing Barrett's esophagus is increased by central obesity (vs. peripheral obesity).[7] The exact mechanism is unclear. The difference in distribution of fat among men (more central) and women (more peripheral) may explain the increased risk in males.[8]
Pathophysiology
Micrograph of Barrett's esophagus, Alcian blue stain
Barrett's esophagus occurs due to chronic inflammation. The principal cause of the chronic inflammation is gastroesophageal reflux disease, GERD (UK: GORD). In this disease, acidic stomach, bile, and small intestine and pancreatic contents cause damage to the cells of the lower esophagus. Recently, bile acids were shown to be able to induce intestinal differentiation, in gastroesophageal junction cells, through inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the protein kinase enzyme Akt.[9] This results in the eventual up-regulation of the p50 subunit of protein complex NF-κB (NFKB1), and ultimately activation of the homeobox gene CDX2, which is responsible for the expression of intestinal enzymes such as guanylate cyclase 2C.[10] This mechanism also explains the selection of HER2/neu (also called ERBB2) and the overexpressing (lineage-addicted) cancer cells during the process of carcinogenesis, and the efficacy of targeted therapy against the Her-2 receptor with trastuzumab (Herceptin) in the treatment of adenocarcinomas at the gastroesophageal junction.
Researchers are unable to predict who with heartburn will develop Barrett's esophagus. While no relationship exists between the severity of heartburn and the development of Barrett's esophagus, a relationship does exist between chronic heartburn and the development of Barrett's esophagus. Sometimes, people with Barrett's esophagus have no heartburn symptoms at all. In rare cases, damage to the esophagus may be caused by swallowing a corrosive substance such as lye.
Diagnosis
Micrograph of Barrett's esophagus (left of image) and normal stratified squamous epithelium (right of image), Alcian blue stain
High-magnification micrograph of Barrett's esophagus showing the characteristic goblet cells, Alcian blue stain
Both macroscopic (from endoscopy) and microscopic positive findings are required to make a diagnosis. Barrett's esophagus is marked by the presence of columnar epithelia in the lower esophagus, replacing the normal squamous cell epithelium—an example of metaplasia. The secretory columnar epithelium may be more able to withstand the erosive action of the gastric secretions; however, this metaplasia confers an increased risk of adenocarcinoma.[11]
Screening
Screening endoscopy is recommended among males over the age of 60 who have reflux symptoms that are of long duration and not controllable with treatment.[12] Among those not expected to live more than 5 years screening is not recommended.[12]
Intestinal metaplasia
The presence of goblet cells, called intestinal metaplasia, is necessary to make a diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus. This frequently occurs in the presence of other metaplastic columnar cells, but only the presence of goblet cells is diagnostic. The metaplasia is grossly visible through a gastroscope, but biopsy specimens must be examined under a microscope to determine whether cells are gastric or colonic in nature. Colonic metaplasia is usually identified by finding goblet cells in the epithelium and is necessary for the true diagnosis.
Many histologic mimics of Barrett's esophagus are known (i.e. goblet cells occurring in the transitional epithelium of normal esophageal submucosal gland ducts, "pseudogoblet cells" in which abundant foveolar [gastric] type mucin simulates the acid mucin true goblet cells). Assessment of relationship to submucosal glands and transitional-type epithelium with examination of multiple levels through the tissue may allow the pathologist to reliably distinguish between goblet cells of submucosal gland ducts and true Barrett's esophagus (specialized columnar metaplasia). Use of the histochemical stain Alcian blue pH 2.5 is also frequently used to distinguish true intestinal-type mucins from their histologic mimics. Recently, immunohistochemical analysis with antibodies to CDX-2 (specific for mid and hindgut intestinal derivation) has also been used to identify true intestinal-type metaplastic cells. The protein AGR2 is elevated in Barrett's esophagus[13] and can be used as a biomarker for distinguishing Barrett epithelium from normal esophageal epithelium.[14]
The presence of intestinal metaplasia in Barrett's esophagus represents a marker for the progression of metaplasia towards dysplasia and eventually adenocarcinoma. This factor combined with two different immunohistochemical expression of p53, Her2 and p16 leads to two different genetic pathways that likely progress to dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus.[15]
Epithelial dysplasia
After the initial diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus is rendered, affected persons undergo annual surveillance to detect changes that indicate higher risk to progression to cancer: development of epithelial dysplasia (or "intraepithelial neoplasia").[16] Considerable variability is seen in assessment for dysplasia among pathologists. Recently, gastroenterology and GI pathology societies have recommended that any diagnosis of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett be confirmed by at least two fellowship-trained GI pathologists prior to definitive treatment for patients.[17] For more accuracy and reproductibility, it is also recommended to follow international classification system as the "Vienna classification" of gastrointestinal epithelial neoplasia (2000).[18]
Management
Many people with Barrett's esophagus do not have dysplasia. Medical societies recommend that if a patient has Barrett's esophagus, and if the past two endoscopy and biopsy examinations have confirmed the absence of dysplasia, then the patient should not have another endoscopy within three years.[19][20][21]
Endoscopic surveillance of people with Barrett's esophagus is often recommended, although little direct evidence supports this practice.[1] Treatment options for high-grade dysplasia include surgical removal of the esophagus (esophagectomy) or endoscopic treatments such as endoscopic mucosal resection or ablation (destruction).[1]
The risk of malignancy is highest in the U.S. in Caucasian men over fifty years of age with more than five years of symptoms. Current recommendations include routine endoscopy and biopsy (looking for dysplastic changes). Although in the past physicians have taken a watchful waiting approach, newly published research supports consideration of intervention for Barrett's esophagus. Balloon-based radiofrequency ablation, invented by Ganz, Stern, and Zelickson in 1999, is a new treatment modality for the treatment of Barrett's esophagus and dysplasia, and has been the subject of numerous published clinical trials.[22][23][24][25] The findings demonstrate radiofrequency ablation has an efficacy of 90% or greater with respect to complete clearance of Barrett's esophagus and dysplasia with durability up to five years and a favorable safety profile.[22][23][24][25]
Proton pump inhibitor drugs have not been proven to prevent esophageal cancer. Laser treatment is used in severe dysplasia, while overt malignancy may require surgery, radiation therapy, or systemic chemotherapy. Additionally, a recent five-year random-controlled trial has shown that photodynamic therapy using photofrin is statistically more effective in eliminating dysplastic growth areas than sole use of a proton pump inhibitor.[26] There is presently no reliable way to determine which patients with Barrett esophagus will go on to develop esophageal cancer, although a recent study found the detection of three different genetic abnormalities was associated with as much as a 79% chance of developing cancer in six years.[27]
Endoscopic mucosal resection has also been evaluated as a management technique.[28] Additionally an operation known as a Nissen fundoplication can reduce the reflux of acid from the stomach into the esophagus.[29]
In a variety of studies, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), like aspirin, have shown evidence of preventing esophageal cancer in people with Barrett's esophagus.[30][31] However, none of these studies have been randomized, placebo-controlled trials, which are considered the gold standard for evaluating a medical intervention. In addition, the best dose of NSAIDs for cancer prevention is not yet known.
Prognosis
Barrettʼs cancer
Barrett's esophagus is a premalignant condition. Its malignant sequela, oesophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma, has a mortality rate of over 85%.[32] The risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma in people who have Barrett's esophagus has been estimated to be 6–7 per 1000 person-years,[33][34] however a cohort study of 11,028 patients from Denmark published in 2011 showed an incidence of only 1.2 per 1000 person-years (5.1 per 1000 person-years in patients with dysplasia, 1.0 per 1000 person-years in patients without dysplasia).[35] The relative risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma is approximately 10 in those with Barret's esophagus, compared to the general population.[36] Most patients with esophageal carcinoma survive less than one year.[37]
Epidemiology
The incidence in the United States among Caucasian men is eight times the rate among Caucasian women and five times greater than African American men. Overall, the male to female ratio of Barrett's esophagus is 10:1.[38] Several studies have estimated the prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in the general population to be 1.3% to 1.6% in two European populations (Italian[39] and Swedish[40]), and 3.6% in a Korean population.[41]
History
Barrett first described the columnar metaplasia in 1950.[4] An association with gastroesophageal reflux was made in 1953.[42] An association with adenocarcinoma was made in 1975.[43]
References
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- ^ http://www.giejournal.org/article/S0016-5107(96)70110-4/abstract
- ^ http://www.bulimiahelp.org/articles/bulimia-and-cancer-what-you-need-know
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- ^ Spechler SJ, Sharma P, Souza RF, Inadomi JM, Shaheen NJ (2011). "American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement on the Management of Barrett's Esophagus". Gastroenterology. 140 (3): 1084–1091. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.030. PMID 21376940.
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- ^ a b Fleischer DE, Overholt BF, Sharma VK, Reymunde A, Kimmey MB, Chuttani R, Chang KJ, Muthasamy R, Lightdale CJ, Santiago N, Pleskow DK, Dean PJ, Wang KK (2010). "Endoscopic radiofrequency ablation for Barrett's esophagus: 5-year outcomes from a prospective multicenter trial". Endoscopy. 42 (10): 781–89. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1255779. PMID 20857372.
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External links
| Classification |
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| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barrett's esophagus. |
- Barrett's esophagus at National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDKD)
- Barrett's esophagus Video Overview and Barrett's esophagus Health Information at Mayo Clinic
- Barrett's Oesophagus Campaign Originally The Barrett's Oesophagus Foundation, the UK charity committed to research into prevention of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus
- Barrett's Oesophagus Research Studies Summary of current research studies into Barrett's Oesophagus
- Barrett's Oesophagus Diagnosis, Treatment and Research - LGA
Diseases of the digestive system (primarily K20–K93, 530–579)
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. バレット食道：疫学、臨床症状、および診断 barretts esophagus epidemiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis
- 2. プルーンベリー症候群 prune belly syndrome
- 3. Barrett's esophagus: Treatment with radiofrequency ablation
- 4. 患者情報：バレット食道（詳細） barretts esophagus beyond the basics
- 5. Barrett's esophagus: Surveillance and management
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- PMID 26373456
- Two-year follow-up period showing the natural history of a superficial esophageal adenocarcinoma arising in a long segment of Barrett's esophagus.
- Oguma J1, Ozawa S2, Kazuno A1, Nitta M1, Ninomiya Y1, Tomita S3.
- Clinical journal of gastroenterology.Clin J Gastroenterol.2016 Oct;9(5):289-92. doi: 10.1007/s12328-016-0681-4. Epub 2016 Sep 2.
- A 55-year-old woman experienced gastrointestinal dysfunction caused by scleroderma. An initial endoscopy revealed an erosive lesion in a long segment of Barrett's esophagus, and a biopsy led to a diagnosis of ectopic gastric mucosa. Two years later, an irregular, elevated tumor developed at the same
- PMID 27590624
Japanese Journal
- 日本総合健診医学会 第42回大会・教育講演逆流性食道炎を巡る最新の知識
- 総合健診 41(6), 665-669, 2014
- NAID 130004936252
- Total gastroesophageal dissociation を施行した続発性食道気管支瘻の1例
- 日本臨床外科学会雑誌 = The journal of the Japan Surgical Association 74(4), 912-916, 2013-04-25
- NAID 10031171295
- ラット胃・十二指腸液逆流モデルを用いて検討した呼吸器疾患と微量誤嚥との関連性の組織学的検討
- Experimental animals 60(2), 141-150, 2011-04-01
- NAID 10029550276
Related Links
- Although the risk of this cancer is higher in people with Barrett's esophagus, the disease is still rare. Less than 1% of people with Barrett's esophagus develop this particular cancer. Nevertheless, if you've been diagnosed with Barrett's ...
- Barrett esophagus is a condition in which the lining of the esophagus (the tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach) is replaced by tissue that is similar to the lining of the intestines. Although this change does ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「Barrett epithelium」「バレット症候群」「Barrett症候群」 |
| 関連記事 | 「syndrome」 |
「Barrett epithelium」
「バレット症候群」
「Barrett症候群」
「syndrome」
- n.