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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/05/27 01:38:59」(JST)
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The mutation
Antennapedia
Antennapedia is a HOM-C gene first discovered in Drosophila which controls the formation of legs during development. Loss-of-function mutations in the regulatory region of this gene result in the development of the second leg pair into ectopic antennae. By contrast gain-of-function alleles convert antennae into ectopic legs.
This is just one illustration of the tendency of organisms to exhibit variations on a theme, modulated repetition. Legs and antennae are related to one another as much as molars are to incisors, fingers are to toes, and arms are to legs.
Antennapedia also refers to a gene complex in Drosophila which is responsible for formation and differentiation of the thoracic and head segments of the fly's body.
Contents
- 1 Origin of Antennapedia Class Homeobox Gene
- 2 Antennapedia in Arachnids
- 3 HoxC6: An Ortholog of Antp
- 4 References
- 5 External links
Origin of Antennapedia Class Homeobox Gene
The origin of the ancestor Homeobox gene is an important aspect of the evolution of the Antp-class Hox genes. Early evolution of the Antp-class genes may have predated the divergence of Cnidarians. However, the role that Antp plays in the spatial body development of Cnidarians remains unclear. A widely accepted theory is that the ancestor Hox cluster containing three genes arose in the early metazoan era. It is suggested that Antennapedia arose from Evx, a non-Hox family of genes. This duplication event of Evx into the Antp-class probably occurred prior to Cnidarian divergence, as there are Cnidarians with Evx and without Hox class genes and vice versa. [1]
Antennapedia in Arachnids
Recent studies have observed that down-regulation of the Antp gene in Achaearanea tepidariorum leads to the development of a pair of ectopic legs, resulting in 10-legged mutant spiders. Drosophila Antp is thought to play an important role in the role of ectopic leg or antenna placement, but not in abdominal leg suppression. However, recent research supported that leg suppression was indeed performed by Antp in arachnids.[2] This suggests that spiders and insects may have separately developed strategies of leg suppression via the evolutionary pressure of convergence. Arachnid’s Antp gene is different from other Antp Hox clusters, suggesting that it has evolved via a divergence event leading to the development on the leg suppression function. This example suggests how the functions of homeobox genes including Antp have evolved overtime to account for different lineages’ needs.[2]
HoxC6: An Ortholog of Antp
Although it is known that Antp-class homeobox genes play some sort of role in transcriptional processes, not all of their actions and functions have been discovered. Recent studies observed Antp and the Hox ortholog HoxC6 in Xenopus in order to further distinguish the evolution of these orthologues. HoxC6 was found to play an important role in gastrulation in the vertebrate Xenopus. However, gastrulation was also a target in the Drosophila Antp gene. The anterior-posterior pattern mechanism is highly conserved in these genes, as its function in Xenopus is clear, but it is unclear why it would be a target in Drosophila. The similarities continuously observed between Hox genes in vertebrates and Drosophila suggests a complex evolutionary history of the Antp Hox gene cluster, as well as reaffirms the importance of the conservation of this gene cluster in the evolution of body morphology. [3]
References
- ^ Gauchat D, Mazet F, Berney C, Schummer M, Kreger S, Pawlowski J and Galliot B. Evolution of Antp-Class Genes and Differential Expression of Hydra Hox/ParaHox Genes in Anterior Patterning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 97, No. 9 (Apr. 25, 2000), pp. 4493-4498
- ^ a b Sara Khadjeh, Natascha Turetzek, Matthias Pechmann, Evelyn E. Schwager, Ernst A. Wimmer, Wim G. M. Damen, and Nikola-Michael Prpic Divergent role of the Hox gene Antennapedia in spiders is responsible for the convergent evolution of abdominal limb repression PNAS 2012 109 (13) 4921-4926; published ahead of print March 15, 2012, doi:10.1073/pnas.1116421109
- ^ Michaut L, Jansen HJ, Bardine N, Durston AJ, Gehring WJ. Analyzing the function of a hox gene: an evolutionary approach. Dev Growth Differ. 2011;53:993.
External links
- Antennapedia Homeodomain Protein at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Drosophila Antennapedia - The Interactive Fly
English Journal
- Genomic DNA Recombination with Cell-Penetrating Peptide-Tagged Cre Protein in Mouse Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle.
- Chien WM1, Liu Y, Chin MT.Author information 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.AbstractThe Cre-loxP recombination system has been used to promote DNA recombination both in vitro and in vivo. For in vivo delivery, Cre expression is commonly achieved through the use of tissue/cell type-specific promoters, viral infection, or drug inducible transcription and protein translocation to promote targeted DNA excision. The development of cell permeable (or penetrating) peptide tagged proteins has facilitated the delivery of Cre recombinase protein into cells in culture, organotypic slide culture, or in living animals. In this report, we generated bacterially expressed, his-tagged Cre protein with either a cardiac targeting peptide (CTP) or an antennapedia peptide (ANTP) at the C-terminus and demonstrated efficient uptake and recombination in both cell culture and mice. To facilitate delivery to cardiac and skeletal muscle, we mixed proteins with pluronic F-127 hydrogel and delivered Cre protein into reporter Rosa26mTmG mouse skeletal muscle or Rosa26LacZ cardiac muscle via ultrasound guided injection. Activation of reporter gene expression indicated that these Cre proteins were enzymatically active. Recombination events were detected only in the vicinity of injection areas. In conclusion, we have developed a method to deliver enzymatically active Cre protein locally to skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle that may be adapted for use with other proteins. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
- Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000).Genesis.2014 Apr 19. doi: 10.1002/dvg.22782. [Epub ahead of print]
- The Cre-loxP recombination system has been used to promote DNA recombination both in vitro and in vivo. For in vivo delivery, Cre expression is commonly achieved through the use of tissue/cell type-specific promoters, viral infection, or drug inducible transcription and protein translocation to prom
- PMID 24753043
- Cellular uptake of the Antennapedia homeodomain polypeptide by macropinocytosis.
- Wu X1, Gehring W2.Author information 1Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Growth and Development, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.2Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Growth and Development, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: Walter.Gehring@unibas.ch.AbstractAntennapedia homeodomain has been shown to be able to translocate from extracellular space into the cytoplasm of cells in a receptor-independent manner. Its third α-helix domain, designated as "Penetratin", was proposed to be the functional transduction domain that is responsible for the translocation, and it is widely used for intracellular delivery of various exogenous proteins. Although Penetratin has been regarded to be the only element conferring the capacity on its parent polypeptide to penetrate through the plasma membrane, we found that the complete Antennapedia homeodomain exhibits an appreciably higher level of translocation efficiency as compared to Penetratin. Pharmacological analysis demonstrated that macropinocytic endocytosis plays a significant role underlying the process of the homeodomain internalization, and this is consistent with the observation that internalized polypeptide co-localizes with a fluid phase dye. Our results identify macropinocytosis as a major mechanism by which Antennapedia homeodomain obtains the access to the interior of cells, providing a novel perspective in the field of protein translocation and transduction.
- Biochemical and biophysical research communications.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2014 Jan 24;443(4):1136-40. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.062. Epub 2013 Dec 18.
- Antennapedia homeodomain has been shown to be able to translocate from extracellular space into the cytoplasm of cells in a receptor-independent manner. Its third α-helix domain, designated as "Penetratin", was proposed to be the functional transduction domain that is responsible for the translocat
- PMID 24361959
Japanese Journal
- The order of four homeotic-mutant genes, Nc, ECw, EKp and EMu, on the 6th-linkage group of Bombyx mori
- Hirokawa Masahiko,Tatematsu Ken-Ichiro
- Journal of Insect Biotechnology and Sericology 80(2), 2_041-2_048, 2011
- … The Nc-mutant gene and E pseudoalleles of Bombyx mori correspond to the Antennapedia and bithorax complexes of Drosophila melanogaster, respectively. …
- NAID 130004464179
- Gene Delivery into Brain Capillary Endothelial Cells Using Antp-Modified DNA-Loaded Nanoparticles
- Huang Rongqin,Yang Wuli,Jiang Chen [他],PEI Yuanying
- Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin 54(9), 1254-1258, 2006-09-01
- … Our aim is to test the characteristics and expression activity in brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) of DNA-loaded nanoparticles before and after the modification with Antennapedia peptide (Antp). …
- NAID 110004836443
- Protein transduction technology: a novel therapeutic perspective.
- Noguchi Hirofumi,Matsumoto Shinichi
- Acta Medica Okayama 60(1), 1-11, 2006-02
- … The most commonly studied are homeodomain transcription factors such as Antennapedia, the herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 protein VP22, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) transactivator TAT protein. …
- NAID 120002305662
Related Links
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- Antennapedia is a HOM-C gene first discovered in Drosophila which controls the formation of legs during development. Loss-of-function mutations in the regulatory region of this gene result in the development of the second leg pair into ...
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