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Ancylostoma ceylanicum is a parasitic roundworm belonging to the genus Ancylostoma. It is primarily a hookworm of humans and hamsters. It is the only zoonotic hookworm species that is able to produce symptomatic infections in humans, and the majority of cases being in Southeast Asia.

Discovery and history[edit]

Since the description of Ancylostoma ceylanicum by Arthur Looss in 1911, and A. braziliense by Gomes de Faria in 1910, the two species were considered synonymous because of their apparent similarities in almost all respect. Especially in 1913, comparison of specimens from human, dog, cat and lion infections India led to the conclusion that they were definitely identical. In 1915 Gomes de Faria described the anatomical structures and concluded that the two were distinct species. Till 1921 A. ceylanicum was accepted as a valid species. However, in 1922 Gordon made an exhaustive comparison from specimens collected in Brazil, South Africa and India, and he falied to identify any distinction. Other parasitologists also became convinced that the two names were synonymous. In 1951 Biocca made an elaborate study on different hookworms in the collection of London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and personal collections. He finally identified the defining characters between the two for classifying them as distinct species, which eventually gained general acceptance.^[1]

Structure[edit]

The adult hookworms are white and about 6–10 mm long. They are generally stouter than A. braziliense. The anterior end is bent dorsally, which gives the body a characteristic "hooked" or J-shaped appearance, hence the common name hookworm. Females have a tapered narrow posterior end, while males have a feathery posterior end owing to their copulatory bursa. Hookworm species are not easily distinguished from the gross appearance. The key diagnostic feature is the appearance of their mouths. Unlike other hookworms, A. ceylanicum has a mouth with cutting plate with a sharp dorsal end that looks like a tooth and a less distinct sharp ventral end.^[2]

Life cycle[edit]

The Infective larvae quickly undergo moulting to shed their sheath upon ingestion by the host. They move into the intestine and get attached to the mucosa. The larvae develope into the final 3rd stage in the intestinal wall. The 4th stage larvae appear in 47 hours after oral infection. The 5th stage immature worms appeared 6 days after infection. They reached sexual maturity on and after 2 weeks after infection. From the intestine they infect the skin and start to invade the subcutaneous blood vessels, and are carried to the lungs. The larvae in the lungs moved to the intestine via trachea, oesophagus and stomach.^[3]

Pathogenicity[edit]

Ancylostoma ceylanicum gets attached to capillary beds in the small intestine of a host where they suck blood and cause anaemia. In hamsters anaemia is most severe between the 13th and 60th days of infection, and is accompanied by significant loss in body weight.^[4] Experimental infection of hamsters show increased antibodies, peripheral cellular immune suppression, which is characterized by a reduction in the total white blood cell count, neutropenia and lymphopenia.^[5] The most serious effects are manifested in children and women of childbearing age displaying chronic intestinal blood loss which may result in iron deficiency, anaemia and hypoalbuminemia. The long-term effects include impaired physical, intellectual and cognitive development of children, increased mortality in pregnant women and their infants and reduced physical capacity.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Epidemiology[edit]

Ancylostoma ceylanicum infection is found in India, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Madagascar, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Solomon Island, Fiji Islands, and Taiwan.^[9]^[10]

Diagnosis[edit]

Infection is detectable from stool sample of the host. Egss can be microscopically analysed. However, there is no clear-cut distinction between different hookworms due to similarity, and species are often mistaken from one another. Kato-Katz method and molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are used, but are not always specific.^[11] Sequencing of ribosomal RNA gene is often reliable but time consuming. A PCR coupled with high resolution melting-curve (HRM) was found to be highly sensitive in discriminating A. ceylanicum from other hookworms.^[12]

Treatment[edit]

Ivermectin is highly effective even at the low dose of 100 μg per kg, and pyrantel is also effective at 25–50 mg per kg.^[13] Benzimidazoles such as mebendazole, parbendazole and thiabendazole are also highly effective.^[14]

References[edit]

^ Yushida Y (1971). "Comparative studies on Ancylostoma braziliense and Ancylostoma ceylanicum. I. The adult stage". The Journal of Parasitology 57 (5): 983–989. JSTOR 3277850.
^ Speare R (15 July 2012). "Taxonomy of Hookworms". Tropical Health Solutions. Tropical Health Solutions Pty Ltd. Retrieved 2013-06-27.
^ Yoshida Y (October 1967). "MORPHOLOGY, LIFE-HISTORY, PATHOGENICITY AND TREATMENT OF ANCYLOSTOMA CEYLANICUM AND A. BRAZILIENSE". DTIC Online. Retrieved 2013-06-27.
^ Menon S, Bhopale MK (1985). "Ancylostoma ceylanicum (Looss, 1911) in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus): pathogenicity and humoral immune response to a primary infection". J Helminthol 59 (2): 143–146. PMID 4031453.
^ Dias SR, da Costa AF, Gazzinelli-Guimarães PH, Roatt BM, da Silva Fonseca K, de Paiva NC, Giunchetti RC, Carneiro CM, Fujiwara RT, Rabelo ÉM (2013). "Prednisolone and cyclosporine A: effects on an experimental model of ancylostomiasis". Exp Parasitol 133 (1): 80–88. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2012.10.008. PMID 23142084.
^ Brooker S, Bethony J, Hotez PJ (2004). "Human hookworm infection in the 21st century". Adv Parasitol 58: 197–288. doi:10.1016/S0065-308X(04)58004-1. PMC 2268732. PMID 15603764.
^ Jiraanankul V, Aphijirawat W, Mungthin M, Khositnithikul R, Rangsin R, Traub RJ, Piyaraj P, Naaglor T, Taamasri P, Leelayoova S (2011). "Incidence and risk factors of hookworm infection in a rural community of central Thailand". Am J Trop Med Hyg 84 (4): 594–598. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2011. PMC 3062455. PMID 21460016.
^ Hsu YC, Lin JT (2012). "Images in clinical medicine. Intestinal infestation with Ancylostoma ceylanicum". N Engl J Med 366 (13): e20. doi:10.1056/NEJMicm1101717. PMID 22455438.
^ Conlan JV, Sripa B, Attwood S, Newton PN (2001). "A review of parasitic zoonoses in a changing Southeast Asia". Vet Parasitol 182 (1): 22–40. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.013. PMID 21846580.
^ Palmer CS, Traub RJ, Robertson ID, Hobbs RP, Elliot A, While L, Rees R, Thompson RC (2007). "The veterinary and public health significance of hookworm in dogs and cats in Australia and the status of A. ceylanicum". Vet Parasitol 145 (3-4): 304–313. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.12.018. PMID 17276602.
^ Sato M, Sanguankiat S, Yoonuan T, Pongvongsa T, Keomoungkhoun M, Phimmayoi I, Boupa B, Moji K, Waikagul J (2010). "Copro-molecular identification of infections with hookworm eggs in rural Lao PDR". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 104 (9): 617–622. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.06.006. PMID 20673938.
^ Ngui R, Lim YA, Chua KH (2012). "Rapid detection and identification of human hookworm infections through high resolution melting (HRM) analysis". PLoS ONE 7 (7): e41996. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041996. PMC 3406038. PMID 22844538.
^ Behnke JM, Rose R, Garside P (1993). "Sensitivity to ivernmectin and pyrantel of Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Necator americanus". International Journal for Parasitology 23 (7): 945–952.
^ Ray DK, Bhopale EK, Shrivastava VB (1978). "Efficacy of seven anthelmintics against Ancylostoma ceylanicum in the golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus". Ann Trop Med Parasitol 72 (1): 56–58. PMID 580701.

External links[edit]

Taxonomy at UniProt
Nemtode.net The Genome Institute
The Genome Institute of Washington University
NEMBASE4
Protein database at Berkeley
Disease information
SEM image at Visual Unlimited

UpToDate Contents

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1. 鉤虫感染 hookworm infection
2. 鉤虫関連皮膚幼虫移行症 hookworm related cutaneous larva migrans
3. 好酸球性胃腸炎 eosinophilic gastroenteritis
4. 猫からの人畜共通感染症 zoonoses from cats
5. 犬からの人畜共通感染症 zoonoses from dogs

English Journal

Evaluation of the use of C-terminal part of the Schistosoma mansoni 200kDa tegumental protein in schistosomiasis diagnosis and vaccine formulation.

de Carvalho GB1, Pacífico LG1, Pimenta DL1, Siqueira LM1, Teixeira-Carvalho A1, Coelho PM1, da Silva Pinheiro C2, Fujiwara RT3, Oliveira SC4, Fonseca CT5.Author information 1Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz-MG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.2Departamento de Biointeração do Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.3Laboratório de Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Bioquímica e imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.4Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.5Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz-MG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais-INCT-DT, Brazil. Electronic address: ctoscano@cpqrr.fiocruz.br.AbstractSchistosoma mansoni tegument is involved in essential functions for parasite survival and represents a target for screening candidates for vaccine and diagnosis. Our group using reverse vaccinology selected six candidates, previously demonstrated by proteomics studies to be expressed in the parasite tegument, among them was Sm200. In this work we have cloned and expressed a recombinant form of Sm200 C-terminal (1069-1520) region. The efficacy of rSm200 (1069-1520) in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis and in the formulation of a vaccine against S. mansoni was assessed respectively in an ELISA based diagnostic assay and immunization protocols in mice. Significant differences between non-infected and acutely infected or chronically infected animals were observed and no cross-recognition was observed with sera from Ascaris suum or Ancylostoma ceylanicum infected mice. rSm200-ELISA test could also discriminate infected individuals from healthy donors not living in endemic area for schistosomiasis but failed to discriminate between individuals from a low endemic area for schistosomiasis known to have positive or negative stools after examination. Recombinant Sm200 also failed to induce protection against schistosomiasis, demonstrating that the C-terminal part of Sm200 is unable to induce protective immune response in mice. Therefore rSm200 (1069-1520)-ELISA represents an important tool to be used in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis.
Experimental parasitology.Exp Parasitol.2014 Feb 18. pii: S0014-4894(14)00020-4. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.02.003. [Epub ahead of print]
Schistosoma mansoni tegument is involved in essential functions for parasite survival and represents a target for screening candidates for vaccine and diagnosis. Our group using reverse vaccinology selected six candidates, previously demonstrated by proteomics studies to be expressed in the parasite
PMID 24560833

In vitro screening of compounds against laboratory and field isolates of human hookworm reveals quantitative differences in anthelmintic susceptibility.

Treger RS1, Otchere J, Keil MF, Quagraine JE, Rai G, Mott BT, Humphries DL, Wilson M, Cappello M, Vermeire JJ.Author information 1Department of Pediatrics and Program in International Child Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.AbstractA panel of 80 compounds was screened for anthelmintic activity against a laboratory strain of Ancylostoma ceylanicum and field isolates of hookworm obtained from school children in the Kintampo North District of the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana. Although the laboratory strain of A. ceylanicum was more susceptible to the compounds tested than the field isolates of hookworm, a twofold increase in compound concentration resulted in comparable egg hatch percent inhibition for select compounds. These data provide evidence that the efficacy of anthelmintic compounds may be species-dependent and that field and laboratory strains of hookworm differ in their sensitivities to the anthelmintics tested. These data also suggest that both compound concentration and hookworm species must be considered when screening to identify novel anthelmintic compounds.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.Am J Trop Med Hyg.2014 Jan;90(1):71-4. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0547. Epub 2013 Dec 2.
A panel of 80 compounds was screened for anthelmintic activity against a laboratory strain of Ancylostoma ceylanicum and field isolates of hookworm obtained from school children in the Kintampo North District of the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana. Although the laboratory strain of A. ceylanicum was mor
PMID 24297811

First report of Ancylostoma ceylanicum in wild canids.

Smout FA1, Thompson RC2, Skerratt LF1.Author information 1School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.2School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.AbstractThe parasitic nematode Ancylostoma ceylanicum is common in dogs, cats and humans throughout Asia, inhabiting the small intestine and possibly leading to iron-deficient anaemia in those infected. It has previously been discovered in domestic dogs in Australia and this is the first report of A. ceylanicum in wild canids. Wild dogs (dingoes and dingo hybrids) killed in council control operations (n = 26) and wild dog scats (n = 89) were collected from the Wet Tropics region around Cairns, Far North Queensland. All of the carcasses (100%) were infected with Ancylostoma caninum and three (11.5%) had dual infections with A. ceylanicum. Scats, positively sequenced for hookworm, contained A. ceylanicum, A. caninum and Ancylostoma braziliense, with A. ceylanicum the dominant species in Mount Windsor National Park, with a prevalence of 100%, but decreasing to 68% and 30.8% in scats collected from northern and southern rural suburbs of Cairns, respectively. Due to the ability of A. ceylanicum to cause a patent infection in humans, the zoonotic risk arising from this wild dog reservoir to communities in the Wet Tropics should be determined.
International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife.Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl.2013 May 13;2:173-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2013.04.003. eCollection 2013.
The parasitic nematode Ancylostoma ceylanicum is common in dogs, cats and humans throughout Asia, inhabiting the small intestine and possibly leading to iron-deficient anaemia in those infected. It has previously been discovered in domestic dogs in Australia and this is the first report of A. ceylan
PMID 24533332

Japanese Journal

Anthelmintic Efficacy of Soluble Formulation of A Benzimidazole Carbamate A Broad Spectrum Anthelmintic

熱帯医学 38(1), 13-20, 1996-03
NAID 110000308727

Transdermal Device of a Substituted Benzimidazole Carbamate and its Efficacy Against Helminth Parasites

熱帯医学 Tropical medicine 34(3), 113-119, 1992-09-30
NAID 120000918939

Vietnam 難民に対する腸管寄生虫類の検査, 特にセイロン鉤虫感染者について

Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 6(1), 43-49, 1978
NAID 130003795858

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「セイロン鉤虫」
関連記事	「Ancylostoma」

「セイロン鉤虫」

Ancylostoma ceylanicum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Nematoda
Class:	Secernentea
Order:	Strongylida
Family:	Ancylostomatidae
Genus:	Ancylostoma
Species:	A. ceylanicum
Binomial name
	Ancylostoma ceylanicum; Looss 1911

　　[★]

ラ: Ancylostoma ceylanicum
関: 鉤虫

「Ancylostoma」

　　[★]

鉤虫、鈎虫、アンシロストーマ、鉤虫属、アンシロストーマ属、Ancylostoma属

関: Ancylostoma caninum、Ancylostoma duodenale、Ancylostomatoidea、hookworm、Uncinaria stenocephala

[1] Yushida Y (1971). "Comparative studies on Ancylostoma braziliense and Ancylostoma ceylanicum. I. The adult stage". The Journal of Parasitology 57 (5): 983–989. JSTOR 3277850.

[2] Speare R (15 July 2012). "Taxonomy of Hookworms". Tropical Health Solutions. Tropical Health Solutions Pty Ltd. Retrieved 2013-06-27.

[3] Yoshida Y (October 1967). "MORPHOLOGY, LIFE-HISTORY, PATHOGENICITY AND TREATMENT OF ANCYLOSTOMA CEYLANICUM AND A. BRAZILIENSE". DTIC Online. Retrieved 2013-06-27.

[4] Menon S, Bhopale MK (1985). "Ancylostoma ceylanicum (Looss, 1911) in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus): pathogenicity and humoral immune response to a primary infection". J Helminthol 59 (2): 143–146. PMID 4031453.

[5] Dias SR, da Costa AF, Gazzinelli-Guimarães PH, Roatt BM, da Silva Fonseca K, de Paiva NC, Giunchetti RC, Carneiro CM, Fujiwara RT, Rabelo ÉM (2013). "Prednisolone and cyclosporine A: effects on an experimental model of ancylostomiasis". Exp Parasitol 133 (1): 80–88. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2012.10.008. PMID 23142084.

[6] Brooker S, Bethony J, Hotez PJ (2004). "Human hookworm infection in the 21st century". Adv Parasitol 58: 197–288. doi:10.1016/S0065-308X(04)58004-1. PMC 2268732. PMID 15603764.

[jira-7] Jiraanankul V, Aphijirawat W, Mungthin M, Khositnithikul R, Rangsin R, Traub RJ, Piyaraj P, Naaglor T, Taamasri P, Leelayoova S (2011). "Incidence and risk factors of hookworm infection in a rural community of central Thailand". Am J Trop Med Hyg 84 (4): 594–598. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2011. PMC 3062455. PMID 21460016.

[8] Hsu YC, Lin JT (2012). "Images in clinical medicine. Intestinal infestation with Ancylostoma ceylanicum". N Engl J Med 366 (13): e20. doi:10.1056/NEJMicm1101717. PMID 22455438.

[9] Conlan JV, Sripa B, Attwood S, Newton PN (2001). "A review of parasitic zoonoses in a changing Southeast Asia". Vet Parasitol 182 (1): 22–40. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.013. PMID 21846580.

[10] Palmer CS, Traub RJ, Robertson ID, Hobbs RP, Elliot A, While L, Rees R, Thompson RC (2007). "The veterinary and public health significance of hookworm in dogs and cats in Australia and the status of A. ceylanicum". Vet Parasitol 145 (3-4): 304–313. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.12.018. PMID 17276602.

[11] Sato M, Sanguankiat S, Yoonuan T, Pongvongsa T, Keomoungkhoun M, Phimmayoi I, Boupa B, Moji K, Waikagul J (2010). "Copro-molecular identification of infections with hookworm eggs in rural Lao PDR". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 104 (9): 617–622. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.06.006. PMID 20673938.

[12] Ngui R, Lim YA, Chua KH (2012). "Rapid detection and identification of human hookworm infections through high resolution melting (HRM) analysis". PLoS ONE 7 (7): e41996. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041996. PMC 3406038. PMID 22844538.

[13] Behnke JM, Rose R, Garside P (1993). "Sensitivity to ivernmectin and pyrantel of Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Necator americanus". International Journal for Parasitology 23 (7): 945–952.

[14] Ray DK, Bhopale EK, Shrivastava VB (1978). "Efficacy of seven anthelmintics against Ancylostoma ceylanicum in the golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus". Ann Trop Med Parasitol 72 (1): 56–58. PMID 580701.

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案内

Ancylostoma ceylanicum