アルテルナリア属
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2014/09/29 02:48:46」(JST)
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Alternaria |
|
Scientific classification |
Kingdom: |
Fungi |
Phylum: |
Ascomycota |
Subdivision: |
Pezizomycotina |
Class: |
Dothideomycetes |
Order: |
Pleosporales |
Family: |
Pleosporaceae |
Genus: |
Alternaria |
Species |
Many, see text
|
Alternaria is a genus of ascomycete fungi. Alternaria species are known as major plant pathogens. They are also common allergens in humans, growing indoors and causing hay fever or hypersensitivity reactions that sometimes lead to asthma. They readily cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised people such as AIDS patients.
There are 299 species in the genus;[1][2] they are ubiquitous in the environment and are a natural part of fungal flora almost everywhere. They are normal agents of decay and decomposition. The spores are airborne and found in the soil and water, as well as indoors and on objects. The club-shaped spores are single or form long chains. They can grow thick colonies which are usually green, black, or gray.[2]
At least 20% of agricultural spoilage is caused by Alternaria species; most severe losses may reach up to 80% of yield, though.[2] Many human health disorders can be caused by these fungi, which grow on skin and mucous membranes, including on the eyeballs and within the respiratory tract. Allergies are common, but serious infections are rare, except in people with compromised immune systems. However, species of this fungal genus are often prolific producers of a variety of toxic compounds. The effects most of these compounds have on animal and plant health are not well known. The terms alternariosis and alternariatoxicosis are used for disorders in humans and animals caused by a fungus in this genus.
Not all Alternaria species are pests and pathogens; some have shown promise as biocontrol agents against invasive plant species. Some species have also been reported as endophytic microorganisms with highly bioactive metabolites.
Species
Species include:
- Alternaria alternata - Causes early blight of potato, Leaf spot disease in Withania somnifera[3] and can infest many other plants. It also causes upper respiratory infections in AIDS patients, asthma in people with sensitivity, and has been implicated in chronic rhinosinusitis.
- Alternaria alternantherae
- Alternaria arborescens - causes stem canker of tomato
- Alternaria arbusti - causes leaf lesions on Asian pear
- Alternaria blumeae - causes lesions on Blumea aurita
- Alternaria brassicae - infests many vegetables and roses[2]
- Alternaria brassicicola - grows on cole crops[2]
- Alternaria burnsii - causing cumin blossom blight
- Alternaria carotiincultae - causes leaf blight on carrot
- Alternaria carthami
- Alternaria celosiae
- Alternaria cinerariae
- Alternaria citri
- Alternaria conjuncta - grows on parsnip
- Alternaria cucumerina - grows on various cucurbits
- Alternaria dauci - grows on carrot
- Alternaria dianthi
- Alternaria dianthicola
- Alternaria eichhorniae - infests water hyacinth plants, used as bioherbicide against these weeds
- Alternaria euphorbiicola - infests cole crops
- Alternaria gaisen - causes ringspot disease of pear
- Alternaria helianthi
- Alternaria helianthicola
- Alternaria hungarica
- Alternaria infectoria - infests wheat
- Alternaria japonica - infests cole crops
- Alternaria limicola - earliest diverging lineage of Section Porri
- Alternaria linicola
- Alternaria longipes - infects tobacco
- Alternaria molesta - may cause skin lesions on porpoises
- Alternaria panax - causes ginseng blight
- Alternaria perpunctulata
- Alternaria petroselini - causes parsley leaf blight
- Alternaria radicina - causes carrot decay
- Alternaria raphani
- Alternaria saponariae
- Alternaria selini - causes parsley crown decay
- Alternaria senecionis
- Alternaria solani - causes early blight in potatoes and tomatoes
- Alternaria smyrnii - infests alexanders and parsleys
- Alternaria tenuissima
- Alternaria triticina
- Alternaria zinniae
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This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
References
- ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed. Wallingford: CABI. p. 22. ISBN 0-85199-826-7.
- ^ a b c d e Nowicki, Marcin et al. (30 August 2012), Alternaria black bpot of crucifers: Symptoms, importance of disease, and perspectives of resistance breeding, Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin,Versita, Warsaw, Poland, doi:10.2478/v10032-012-0001-6, retrieved 2012-09-01
- ^ http://www.springerlink.com/content/y3pv174017281824/ Pati, P.K., Sharma, M., Salar, R.K., Sharma, A., Gupta, A.P., and Singh, B. (2008). Studies on leaf spot disease of Withania somnifera and its impact on secondary metabolites. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 48: 432-437
- Lawrence DP, Park MS, Pryor BM. 2012. Nimbya and Embellisia revisited, with nov. comb. for Alternaria celosiae and A. perpunctulata. Mycological Progress Vol. 11 Number 3 799-815.
- Lawrence DP, Gannibal PB, Peever TL, Pryor BM. 2013. The sections of Alternaria: formalizing species-group concepts. Mycologia 105:530-546.
- Soltani J, Hosseyni Moghaddam MS. 2014. Antiproliferative, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Activities of Endophytic Alternaria Species from Cupressaceae. Current Microbiology. DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0594-8.
External links
- Alternaria as an indoor fungal allergen
- Alternaria Online
- IPM for Alternaria leafspot
- Photo gallery
- Mycology Online page
- Fungal Hypersensitivity
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- ITS-based detection and quantification of Alternaria spp. in raw and processed vegetables by real-time quantitative PCR.
- Pavón MÁ, González I, Martín R, García Lacarra T.SourceDepartamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2012 Oct;32(1):165-71. Epub 2012 May 24.
- A TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed for specific detection of Alternaria spp. in foodstuffs. The method uses Alternaria-specific primers and probe targeting the internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2 of the rRNA gene, and a positive amplification contro
- PMID 22850388
- Heptaketides with antiviral activity from three endolichenic fungal strains Nigrospora sp., Alternaria sp. and Phialophora sp.
- He JW, Chen GD, Gao H, Yang F, Li XX, Peng T, Guo LD, Yao XS.SourceInstitute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
- Fitoterapia.Fitoterapia.2012 Sep;83(6):1087-91. Epub 2012 May 14.
- Two new heptaketides, (+)-(2S,3S,4aS)-altenuene (1a) and (-)-(2S,3S,4aR)-isoaltenuene (2a), together with six known compounds, (-)-(2R,3R,4aR)-altenuene (1b), (+)-(2R,3R,4aS)-isoaltenuene (2b), 5'-methoxy-6-methyl-biphenyl-3,4,3'-triol (3), alternariol (4), alternariol-9-methyl ether (5), and 4-hydr
- PMID 22613072
Japanese Journal
- Alternaria Inhibits Double-stranded RNA-Induced Cytokines Productions through TLR3 (東邦大学医学部耳鼻咽喉科大森病院 枝松秀雄教授開講10周年記念論文集)
- Assemblages of endophytic fungi on Salicornia europaea disjunctively distributed in Japan: towards clarification of the ubiquity of fungal endophytes on halophytes and their ecological roles
- Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keisslerによるキュウリ黒斑病の発生と本病に対する殺菌剤の効果
- 香川県農業試験場研究報告 = Bulletin of the Kagawa Prefecture Agricultural Experiment Station (65), 19-24, 2015-03
- NAID 40020412785
Related Links
- 日本産糸状菌類図鑑 No.1 before← →next ↑top Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keiss. 分類:不完全菌門,不完全糸状菌綱 日本全国に分布。様々な植物の葉上生息菌として頻繁に分離されるが,タバコ赤星病菌,イチゴ黒斑病菌 ...
- Alternaria spp. 系統 抗菌薬 感受性 標準菌株 標準菌のMIC 臨床分離菌のMIC80 臨床分離菌のMIC60 備考 抗真菌剤 Amphotericin B (Liposomal) 0.13-16 「MIC80」欄の * :MIC90の値であることを示す。 「MIC60」欄の ** ...
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