関: ARF

WordNet

be a contributing factor; "make things factor into a companys profitability"
any of the numbers (or symbols) that form a product when multiplied together
an independent variable in statistics
anything that contributes causally to a result; "a number of factors determined the outcome"
consider as relevant when making a decision; "You must factor in the recent developments" (同)factor in, factor out
resolve into factors; "a quantum computer can factor the number 15" (同)factor in, factor out
an event known to have happened or something known to have existed; "your fears have no basis in fact"; "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell"
a concept whose truth can be proved; "scientific hypotheses are not facts"
a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred; "first you must collect all the facts of the case"
a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened; "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts"
the 1st letter of the Roman alphabet (同)a
the blood group whose red cells carry the A antigen (同)type_A, group A
in the Christian era; used before dates after the supposed year Christ was born; "in AD 200" (同)A.D., anno_Domini

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…の)『要因』,(…を生み出す)要素《+『in』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 囲数,約数 / 代理人,《おもに英》仲買人 / =factorize
〈C〉『事実』,実際にある(あった)事 / 〈U〉真相,真実(truth) / 《the~》(法律用語で)犯行
answer / ampere

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/05/09 17:05:20」(JST)

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Distribution of ARF in a living macrophage, highlighting the Golgi apparatus.

ADP Ribosylation Factors (ARFs) are members of the ARF family of GTP-binding proteins of the Ras superfamily. ARF family proteins are ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells, and six highly conserved members of the family have been identified in mammalian cells. Although ARFs are soluble, they generally associate with membranes because of N-terminus myristoylation. They function as regulators of vesicular traffic and actin remodelling.

The small ADP ribosylation factor (Arf) GTP-binding proteins are major regulators of vesicle biogenesis in intracellular traffic.^[1] They are the founding members of a growing family that includes Arl (Arf-like), Arp (Arf-related proteins) and the remotely related Sar (Secretion-associated and Ras-related) proteins. Arf proteins cycle between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound forms that bind selectively to effectors. The classical structural GDP/GTP switch is characterised by conformational changes at the so-called switch 1 and switch 2 regions, which bind tightly to the gamma-phosphate of GTP but poorly or not at all to the GDP nucleotide. Structural studies of Arf1 and Arf6 have revealed that although these proteins feature the switch 1 and 2 conformational changes, they depart from other small GTP-binding proteins in that they use an additional, unique switch to propagate structural information from one side of the protein to the other.

The GDP/GTP structural cycles of human Arf1 and Arf6 feature a unique conformational change that affects the beta2beta3 strands connecting switch 1 and switch 2 (interswitch) and also the amphipathic helical N-terminus. In GDP-bound Arf1 and Arf6, the interswitch is retracted and forms a pocket to which the N-terminal helix binds, the latter serving as a molecular hasp to maintain the inactive conformation. In the GTP-bound form of these proteins, the interswitch undergoes a two-residue register shift that pulls switch 1 and switch 2 up, restoring an active conformation that can bind GTP. In this conformation, the interswitch projects out of the protein and extrudes the N-terminal hasp by occluding its binding pocket.

Regulatory proteins

ARFs regularly associate with two types of protein, those involved in catalyzing GTP/GDP exchange, and those that serve other functions.

GTP/GDP exchange proteins

ARF binds to two forms of the guanosine nucleotide, guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and guanosine diphosphate (GDP). The shape of the ARF molecule is dependent upon the form to which it is bound, allowing it to serve in a regulatory capacity. ARF requires assistance from other proteins in order to switch between binding to GTP and GDP. GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) force ARF to hydrolyze bound GTP to GDP, and Guanine nucleotide exchange factors force ARF to adopt a new GTP molecule in place of a bound GDP.

Other proteins

Other proteins interact with ARF, depending upon whether or not it is bound to GTP or GDP. The active form, ARF*GTP, binds to vesicle coat proteins and adaptors, including coat protein I (COPI) and various phospholipids. The inactive form is only known to bind to a class of transmembrane proteins. Different types of ARF bind specifically different kinds of effector proteins.

Phylogeny

There are currently 6 known mammalian ARF proteins, which are divided into three classes of ARFs:

class 1: ARF1, ARF2, ARF3
class 2: ARF4, ARF5
class 3: ARF6. (See also ARF6)

Structure

ARFs are small proteins of approximately 20 kD in size. They contain two switch regions, which change relative positions between cycles of GDP/GTP-binding. ARFs are frequently myristoylated in their N-terminal region, which contributes to their membrane association.

Examples

Human genes encoding proteins containing this domain include:

ARF1 ARF3 ARF4 ARF5 ARF6 ARFRP1
ARL1 ARL2 ARL2L1 ARL3 ARL4A ARL4C ARL4D ARL5 ARL5A ARL5B
ARL10 ARL11 ARL13A ARL13B ARL14 ARL15 ARL16 ARL17
ARL6 ARL7 ARL8A ARL8B ARL9
MGC57346
SAR1A SAR1B SAR1P3 SARA1 TRIM23

References

^ Pasqualato S, Renault L, Cherfils J (2002). "Arf, Arl, Arp and Sar proteins: A family of GTP-binding proteins with a structural device for 'front-back' communication". EMBO Reports 3 (11): 1035–1041. doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kvf221. PMC 1307594. PMID 12429613.

External links

Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource motif class TRG_Cilium_Arf4_1

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR006689

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Japanese Journal

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Acta Medica Okayama 68(6), 317-322, 2014-12
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Genes to Cells 19(9), 692-703, 2014-09
NAID 120005511182

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ADPリボシル化因子」「ADP-リボシル化因子」
拡張検索	「ADP-ribosylation factor 1」
関連記事	「ADP」「fact」「factor」「A」「ribosylation」

「ADPリボシル化因子」

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary

	Membrane-bound ADP ribosylation factor-like protein 2 (ARL2 mouse, red), complex with phosphodiesterase delta (yellow) (1ksg) Blue dots show hydrocarbon boundary of the lipid bilayer
Identifiers
Symbol	Arf
Pfam	PF00025
InterPro	IPR006689
SMART	ARF
PROSITE	PDOC01020
SCOP	1hur
SUPERFAMILY	1hur
OPM superfamily	99
OPM protein	1ksg
CDD	cd00878
Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary