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1. 成人における詳細な神経学的検査the detailed neurologic examination in adults [show details]
…ipsilateral tongue weakness, more often produce contralateral tongue weakness, and most often produce no significant tongue weakness. Unilateral peripheral lesions produce weakness of the ipsilateral tongue muscles… input from both cerebral hemispheres. A unilateral central lesion does not produce focal palatal, pharyngeal, or laryngeal weakness because input to the nucleus ambiguus from the other hemisphere remains … and quadriplegia are analogous terms that refer to complete or nearly complete paralysis of the involved limbs.…
2. 吸引・嚥下障害による新生児の哺乳困難neonatal oral feeding difficulties due to sucking and swallowing disorders [show details]
… assessment of weight gain to detect poor weight gain; Assessment of face, jaw, lips, tongue, hard and soft palate, oral pharynx, and oral mucosa to detect structural abnormalities; Neurologic assessment of …
3. 緩和ケアにおける嚥下障害および誤嚥：評価およびマネージメント戦略swallowing disorders and aspiration in palliative care assessment and strategies for management [show details]
… It is not uncommon to find dry secretions and/or thrush crusted along the tongue, palate, and pharynx in patients who have not eaten orally in some time.… to swallow. Swabbed mouthwash may increase comfort if the patient is unable to swallow liquids. The lips should be kept moist at all times. Pharmacologic agents such as cevimeline or pilocarpine (cholinergic … aspiration may occur in debilitated patients with life-limiting disease as a result of vocal fold paralysis. In these cases, clearance of aspirated material is compromised by a weak glottic cough. Vocal fold…
4. 成人の顔面外傷の初回評価とマネージメントinitial evaluation and management of facial trauma in adults [show details]
… lower alveolar ridge suggest a mandible fracture. Broken or loose teeth may be identified, as may tongue or lip lacerations . A mandible fracture may be present if the patient complains that mouth-opening … Acute facial paralysis suggests possible transection of the facial nerve or one of its branches and requires immediate consultation with a maxillofacial surgeon; paralysis that evolves… Anatomic distortion of the pharynx and neck from such bleeding can make intubation and cricothyroidotomy difficult.…
5. 口腔咽頭嚥下障害：診断および治療oropharyngeal dysphagia clinical features diagnosis and management [show details]
… and can help compensate for unilateral pharyngeal dysfunction. Oral motor exercises can strengthen the lip and tongue and control drooling while assisting… the presence of neuromuscular dysfunction. Hoarseness or a weak cough may represent vocal cord paralysis. Slurred speech may indicate weakness or incoordination of muscles involved in articulation and …

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